Ikhwān aṣ-Ṣafāʾ
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Ikhwān aṣ-Ṣafāʾ (Arab: إخوان الصفا, rumi: Ikhwān Al-Ṣafācode: ar is deprecated ) ialah sebuah pertubuhan rahsia[1] ahli falsafah Islam di Basra, Iraq,[2] pada abad ke-9 atau ke-10 Masihi.[3]
Struktur organisasi dan identiti ahlinya tidak pernah jelas.[4][5] Ajaran dan falsafah esoterik pertubuhan ini dihuraikan dalam gaya warkah melalui Ensiklopedia Ikhwan as-Safa (Rasā'il Ikhwān al-ṣafā'), yang merupakan sebuah ikhtisar gergasi 52 warkah yang akan amat mempengaruhi penulisan ensiklopedia kemudian. Begitu banyak aktiviti kesarjanaan Islam dan Barat telah dibelanjakan untuk menentukan identiti Ikhwan dan abad ke berapa mereka aktif.
Warkah Ikhwan as-Safa
Rasā'il Ikhwān aṣ-Ṣafāʾ (Warkah Ikhwan as-Safa) terdiri daripada lima puluh dua risalah melibatkan ilmu matematik, sains semula jadi, psikologi (sains kejiwaan) dan teologi. Bahagian pertama yang berkenaan matematik mengelompokkan empat belas warkah yang merangkumi risalah dalam bidang aritmetik, geometri, astronomi, geografi, dan muzik, bersama dengan risalah dalam bidang logik asas, termasuk: Isagoge, Categories, De Interpretatione, Prior Analytics dan Posterior Analytics. Bahagian kedua yang berkaitan ilmu sains semula jadi mengumpulkan tujuh belas surat mengenai jirim dan bentuk, pembentukan dan pemusnahan, metalurgi, meteorologi, kajian tentang intipati alam, kelas tumbuhan dan haiwan, termasuk dongeng. Bahagian ketiga adalah mengenai ilmu psikologi yang terdiri daripada sepuluh warkah berkaitan sains kejiwaan dan intelek, berkaitan dengan sifat intelek dan yang boleh difahami, perlambangan kitaran temporal, intipati mistik cinta, kebangkitan, punca dan akibat, definisi dan penerangan. Bahagian keempat adalah berkaitan dengan ilmu teologi yang tertulis dalam sebelas warkah, menyelidiki jenis-jenis mazhab agama, kemurnian persahabatan Ikhwan as-Safa, sifat-sifat kepercayaan yang tulen, sifat Hukum Ilahi, pandangan politik, dan intipati mengenai keajaiban.[6]
Mereka mentakrifkan 'lelaki sempurna' dalam ensiklopedianya sebagai:
of East Persian derivation, of Arabic faith, of Iraqi, that is Babylonian, in education, Hebrew in astuteness, a disciple of Christ in conduct, as pious as a Syrian monk, a Greek in natural sciences, an Indian in the interpretation of mysteries and, above all a Sufi or a mystic in his whole spiritual outlook.[7]
Terdapat perdebatan mengenai penggunaan huraian ini dan bahan-bahan lain Ensiklopedia membantu menentukan identiti, pertalian, dan ciri-ciri lain Ikhwan.
Nota
- ^ They are generally considered a secret society because of their closed and private meetings every 12 days, as mentioned in the Rasa'il.
- ^ Al-Fārūq?, I. R. (1960), "On the Ethics of the Brethren of Purity", The Muslim World, 50: 109–121.
- ^ نور, مكتبة. "The Brethren of Purity pdf". www.noor-book.com (dalam bahasa Arab). Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2021-09-05. Dicapai pada 2021-09-05.
- ^ "Having been hidden within the cloak of secrecy from its very inception, the Rasa'il have provided many points of contention and have been a constant source of dispute among both Muslim and Western scholars. The identification of the authors, or possibly one author, the place and time of writing and propagation of their works, the nature of the secret brotherhood, the outer manifestation of which comprises the Rasa'il – these and many secondary questions have remained without answer." pg 25, Nasr (1964)
- ^ William Bayne Fisher, Richard Nelson Frye, John Andrew Boyle, The Cambridge History of Iran, Published by Cambridge University Press, 1975, ISBN 0-521-20093-8, p. 428
- ^ "The Institute of Ismaili Studies - From the Manuscript Tradition to the Printed Text: The Transmission of the Rasa'il of the Ikhwan al-Safa' in the East and West". Iis.ac.uk. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2014-10-15. Dicapai pada 2012-08-23.
- ^ Seyyed Hossein Nasr, An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines: Conceptions of Nature and Methods Used for Its Study by the Ikhwān Al-Ṣafāʼ, Al-Bīrūnī, and Ibn Sīnā, Edition: revised, Published by SUNY Press, 1993, ISBN 0-7914-1515-5. Chapter 1. (Pages 31–33)
Rujukan
- 1998 edition of The Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy; ed. Edward Craig, ISBN 0-415-18709-5
- Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (1964). An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines: Conceptions of nature and methods used for its study by the Ihwan Al-Safa, Al-Biruni, and Ibn Sina. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. LCCN 64-13430. OCLC 352677.
- Lane-Poole, Stanley (1883). Studies in a Mosque (ed. 1st). Khayat Book & Publishing Company S.A.L. Dicapai pada 2007-04-28.
- Netton, Ian Richard (1991). Muslim Neoplatonists: An Introduction to the Thought of the Brethren of Purity (ed. 1st). Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-0251-8.
- "The authorship of the Epistles of the Ikhwan-as-Safa", by Samuel Miklos Stern, published by Islamic Culture of Hyderabad in 1947
- "Abū Ḥayyan Al-Tawḥīdī and The Brethren of Purity", Abbas Hamdani. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 9 (1978), 345–353
- El-Bizri, Nader (2008). Epistles of the Brethren of Purity. Ikhwan al-Safa' and their Rasa'il (ed. 1st). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-955724-0.
Bacaan lanjut
- Critical editions and English translations of the Epistles of the Brethren of Purity published by Oxford University Press in association with the Institute of Ismaili Studies (2008–) https://global.oup.com/academic/content/series/e/epistles-of-the-brethren-of-purity-epbp/?cc=gb&lang=en&
Pautan luar
- Vesel, Živa (2007). "Ikhwān al‐Ṣafāʾ". The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. New York: Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-31022-0. (PDF version).
- http://ismaili.net/histoire/history04/history428.html
- Article at the Encyclopædia Britannica
- "Ikhwanus Safa: A Rational and Liberal Approach to Islam" – (by Asghar Ali Engineer)
- "The Classification of the Sciences according to the Rasa'il Ikhwan al-Safa'" by Godefroid de Callataÿ
- The Institute of Ismaili Studies article on the Brethren, by Nader El-Bizri
- The Institute of Ismaili Studies gallery of images of manuscripts of the Rasa’il of the Ikhwan al-Safa’
- Article in Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- Article in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
