Pinjaman Rothschild kepada Takhta Suci
Pinjaman Rothschild kepada Takhta Suci merujuk kepada serangkaian pinjaman uang besar yang dihasilkan antara keluarga Rothschild dan Takhta Suci Gereja Katolik. Pinjaman pertama diberikan pada 1832 usai Perang era Napoleon pada masa jabatan Paus Gregorius XVI (melibatkan James Mayer de Rothschild dan Carl Mayer von Rothschild). Pinjaman yang disepakati berjumlah £400.000 (setara £3650 juta pada 2021). Pinjaman kedua diberikan pada masa jabatan Paus Pius IX ("Pio Nono") pada awal 1850-an dengan para anggota yang sama dari keluarga Rothschild usai keruntuhan Republik Roma berjangka pendek pimpinan Giuseppe Mazzini dan restorasi Negara Gereja.
Referensi
Daftar pustaka
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- Nolte, Vincent (1854). Fifty Years in Both Hemispheres: Or, Reminiscences of the Life of a Former Merchant. Redfield.
- Pollard, John F. (2008). Money and the Rise of the Modern Papacy: Financing the Vatican, 1850-1950. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521092111.
- Posner, Gerald (2015). God's Bankers: A History of Money and Power at the Vatican. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1416576570.
- Reeves, John (1887). The Rothschilds: The Financial Rulers of Nations. A. C. McClueg & Co. ISBN 978-1428621732.
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