Pendudukan Filipina oleh Jepang

Pendudukan Jepang di Filipina
Bagian dari Teater Pasifik Perang Dunia II

Seorang prajurit Jepang berdiri di depan sebuah poster propaganda Amerika pada masa pendudukan Filipina pada 1943.
Tanggal1942-45
LokasiFilipina
Hasil Pemerintahan dalam pengasingan Persemakmuran Filipina (1942-1944)
Kemenangan sekutu; Pasukan sekutu membebaskan Filipina (1944-1945)
Republik Kedua dibubarkan
Pihak terlibat

 Amerika Serikat

  •  Persemakmuran Filipina
  • Muslim Moro dibawah Gumbay Piang dan Salipada Pendatun

 Kekaisaran Jepang

  •  Republik Filipina Kedua

Hukbalahap

Tak berafiliasi para insurgen Muslim Moro
Tokoh dan pemimpin
Amerika Serikat Jenderal Angkatan Darat Douglas MacArthur
Persemakmuran Filipina Presiden Manuel L. QuezonWafat di Saranac Lake, New York
Persemakmuran Filipina Presiden Sergio Osmeña
Datu Gumbay Piang
Salipada Pendatun
Sultan Sulu Jainal Abirin
Sultan Ramain Alonto		 Jepang Gubernur-Jenderal Masaharu Homma
Jepang Gubernur-Jenderal Shizuichi Tanaka
Jepang Gubernur-Jenderal Shigenori Kuroda
Jepang Gubernur-Jenderal Tomoyuki Yamashita
Republik Filipina Kedua Presiden José P. Laurel

Ketua Luis Taruc

Pasukan
Batalion Moro-Bolo
Maranao Militia

Para penyerang Hukbalahap

Juramentado Moro

Pendudukan Jepang di Filipina terjadi antara 1942 dan 1945, ketika Kekaisaran Jepang menduduki Persemakmuran Filipina pada masa Perang Dunia II.

Invasi ke Filipina dimulai pada 8 Desember 1941, sepuluh jam setelah serangan Pearl Harbor.

Jepang menduduki Filipina selama tiga tahun, sampai kapitulasi Jepang.

Pada Desember 1944, pulau Leyte dan Mindoro dibersihkan dari para prajurit Jepang.

Antara 500,000 dan 1,000,000 orang Filipina wafat pada masa pendudukan.

Latar belakang

Jepang melancarkan sebuah serangan di Filipina pada 8 Desember 1941, tepat sepuluh jam setelah serangan Pearl Harbor.[1]

Referensi

  • This article incorporates public domain text from the Library of Congress July 1994, Retrieved on 11 November 2008
  1. ^ MacArthur General Staff (1994). "The Japanese Offensive in the Philippines". Report of General MacArthur: The Campaigns of MacArthur in the Pacific Volume I. GEN Harold Keith Johnson, BG Harold Nelson, Douglas MacArthur. United States Army. hlm. 6. LCCN 66-60005. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2009-02-12. Diakses tanggal 24 March 2013. 
  • AFP (October 31, 2007). "A life haunted by WWII surgical killings". THE BRUNEI TIMES. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2014-12-13. Diakses tanggal 16 May 2014. 
  • AFP (Oct 28, 2007). "Japanese veteran haunted by WWII surgical killings". AFP. Archived from the original on 2014-03-17. Diakses tanggal 16 May 2014. Pemeliharaan CS1: Url tak layak (link)
  • Ozawa, Harumi (Nov 6, 2007). "Japanese war veteran speaks of atrocities in the Philippines". TAIPEI TIMES. hlm. 9. Diakses tanggal 16 May 2014. 
  • Amler, Dds Mel (2008). Midnight on Mindanao: Wartime Remembances 1945-1946. iUniverse. ISBN 0595632602. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014. 
  • Arnold, James R. (2011). The Moro War: How America Battled a Muslim Insurgency in the Philippine Jungle, 1902-1913. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN 1608193659. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014. 
  • Brooks, Ronald J. (1995). Under Five Flags (edisi ke-illustrated). Pentland Press. ISBN 1858213223. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014. 
  • Cayrac-Blanchard, Françoise (1970). L'Asie du Sud-Est: Par Françoise Cayrac-Blanchard (o.fl.a.). (dalam bahasa French). Volume 1 of L'Asie Du Sud-Est. Sirey. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014. Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui (link)
  • Kratoska, Paul H., ed. (2013). Southeast Asian Minorities in the Wartime Japanese Empire. Routledge. ISBN 113612506X. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014. 
  • Lim, Julitta Shau Hua (2005). Pussy's in the well: Japanese occupation of Sarawak, 1941-1945 (edisi ke-illustrated). Research and Resource Centre, SUPP Headquarters. ISBN 9834199821. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014. 
  • Eichelberger, Robert L.; Eichelberger, Emma Gudger (1972). Luvaasissue=Issue 2 of Contributions in military history, Jay, ed. Dear Miss Em: General Eichelberger's War in the Pacific, 1942-1945 (edisi ke-illustrated). ABC-CLIO. ISBN 0837162785. ISSN 0084-9251. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014. 
  • Espaldon, Ernesto M., ed. (1997). With the bravest: the untold story of the Sulu freedom fighters of World War II. Espaldon-Virata Foundation. ISBN 9719183306. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014. 
  • Evans, Stephen R. (1990). Sabah (North Borneo): Under the Rising Sun Government. Tropical Press. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014. 
  • Fallon, Joseph E. "Igorot and Moro National Reemergence The Fabricated Philippine State". cwis.org. Center for World Indigenous Studies. Archived from the original on 2014-07-14. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014. Pemeliharaan CS1: Url tak layak (link)
  • Federspiel, Howard M. (2007). Sultans, Shamans, and Saints: Islam and Muslims in Southeast Asia (edisi ke-illustrated). University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0824830520. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014. 
  • Gowing, Peter G., ed. (1988). Understanding Islam and Muslims in the Philippines (edisi ke-illustrated). New Day Publishers. ISBN 9711003864. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014. 
  • Gowing, Peter G. (July–August 1965). "Kris and Crescent". Saudi Aramco World. hlm. 1–11. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2014-05-18. Diakses tanggal 16 May 2014. 
  • Gross, Max L. A Muslim archipelago: Islam and Politics in Southeast Asia. Government Printing Office. ISBN 978-1-932946-19-2. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.  Parameter |coauthors= yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (|author= yang disarankan) (bantuan)
  • Joes, Anthony James (2000). America and Guerrilla Warfare. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0813127483. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014. 
  • Templat:Cite jstor
  • Mapes, Victor L.; Mills, Scott A. (2000). The Butchers, the Baker: The World War II Memoir of a United States Army Air Corps Soldier Captured by the Japanese in the Philippines [LARGE PRINT] (edisi ke-illustrated, large print). McFarland, Incorporated Publishers. ISBN 0786433175. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014. 
  • Mapes, Victor L. (2000). The Butchers, the Baker: The World War II Memoir of a United States Army Air Corps Soldier Captured by the Japanese in the Philippines. Contributor Scott A. Millsvolume= (edisi ke-illustrated). McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers. ISBN 0786406364. Diakses tanggal 20 May 2014.  horizontal tab character di |others= pada posisi 12 (bantuan)
  • Maras, Marie-Helen (2013). The CRC Press Terrorism Reader (edisi ke-illustrated). CRC Press. ISBN 1466588322. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014. 
  • Milligan, Jeffrey Ayala (2005). Islamic Identity, Postcoloniality, and Educational Policy: Schooling and Ethno-Religious Conflict in the Southern Philippines. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1403981574. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014. 
  • Muslim, Macapado Abaton (1994). The Moro armed struggle in the Philippines: the nonviolent autonomy alternative. Office of the President and College of Public Affairs, Mindanao State University. ISBN 9711111306. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.  Parameter |coauthors= yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (|author= yang disarankan) (bantuan)
  • RRayhanR (29 July 2012). "RECLAIMING BANGSAMORO HUMANITY FROM FOREIGN COLONIZERS". mnlfnet.com. Moro National Liberation Front (Misuari faction). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2014-05-18. Diakses tanggal 16 May 2014. 
  • PARRY, RICHARD LLOYD (February 26, 2007). "Dissect them alive: chilling Imperial that order could not be di". THE AUSTRALIAN. Diakses tanggal 16 May 2014. 
  • Parry, Richard Lloyd (February 25, 2007). "Dissect them alive: order not to be disobeyed". Times Online. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2013-01-01. Diakses tanggal 16 May 2014. 
  • Parry, Richard Lloyd (February 25, 2007). "Dissect them alive: order not to be disobeyed". The Times. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2007-02-28. Diakses tanggal 16 May 2014. 
  • Richard Lloyd Parry (February 25, 2007). "Dissect them alive: order not to be disobeyed". Times Online. Diakses tanggal 10 December 2009. 
  • Rahman, Muhammad A. (1966). Rangkaian tawarikh negeri sabah (dalam bahasa Malay). Volume 2 of Siri Pustaka Sabah. Al-Ahmadiah Press. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014. Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui (link)
  • Roces, Alfredo R. Filipino Heritage: The Spanish Colonial period (Late 19th Century): The awakening. Volume 7 of Filipino Heritage: The Making of a Nation, Alfredo R. Roces. Lahing Pilipino Publishing. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014. 
  • Roces, Alfredo R. (1978). Filipino Heritage: The Spanish colonial period (late 19th century). Volume 7 of Filipino Heritage: The Making of a Nation. Lahing Pilipino Pub. ; [Manila]. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014. 
  • Tan, Andrew T. H., ed. (2007). A Handbook of Terrorism and Insurgency in Southeast Asia. Edward Elgar Publishing. ISBN 1847207189. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014. 
  • Tolley, Kemp (2002). Cruise of the Lanikai: Incitement to War (edisi ke-illustrated, reprint). Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1557504067. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014. 
  • Turbiville, Jr., Dr. Graham H. "Bearers of the Sword Radical Islam, Philippines Insurgency, and Regional Stability". Foreign Military Studies Office. Archived from the original on 2013-05-11. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014. Pemeliharaan CS1: Url tak layak (link)
  • Wong, Danny Tze-Ken (1998). The transformation of an immigrant society: a study of the Chinese of Sabah (edisi ke-illustrated). Asean Academic. ISBN 1901919161. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014. 
  • Zincke, Herbert; Mills, Scott A. (2002). Mitsui Madhouse: Memoir of a U.S. Army Air Corps POW in World War II (edisi ke-illustrated). McFarland. ISBN 0786414286. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014. 
  • Filipinas, Volume 11, Issues 117-128. Filipinas Pub. 2002. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014. 
  • Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië, Volume 129. Contributor Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde (Netherlands). M. Nijhoff. 1973. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.  horizontal tab character di |others= pada posisi 12 (bantuan)
  • Darangen: Epic of History. Volume 12 of "Land and people" series. Contributor Presidential Commission for the Rehabilitation and Development of Southern Philippines. Presidential Commission for the Rehabilitation and Development of Southern Philippines. 1980. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.  horizontal tab character di |others= pada posisi 12 (bantuan)
  • "Assessment for Moros in the Philippines". University of Maryland. CIDCM. Information current as of December 31, 2006. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2014-11-21. Diakses tanggal 16 May 2014.  Periksa nilai tanggal di: |date= (bantuan)

Catatan Berita Kontemporer

  • "TERRITORIES: Terror in Jolo". TIME. Dec 1, 1941. Diakses tanggal 16 May 2014. 
  • United Press (Feb 28, 1942). "20,000 MOROS HOLD GROUND". Warsaw Daily Union. hlm. 5. Diakses tanggal 16 May 2014. 
  • AP (Mar 3, 1942). "Moros Pledge Fight to End On Japanese in Philippines". The Christian Science Monitor. Boston, Mass. hlm. 7. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2014-05-18. Diakses tanggal 16 May 2014. 
  • AP (Mar 3, 1942). "Philippine Moros Pledge Fight to End Against Foe". St. Petersburg Times. hlm. 7. Diakses tanggal 16 May 2014. 
  • AP (Feb 27, 1942). "Gen. MacArthur's Forces Counter-Attack and Hold Advance Japanese Posts". St. Petersburg Times. hlm. 6. Diakses tanggal 16 May 2014. 
  • AP (Mar 2, 1942). "MORO TRIBESMEN TO BATTLE JAPS". Spokane Daily Chronicle. hlm. 36. Diakses tanggal 16 May 2014. 
  • The Associated Press (Mar 3, 1942). "10,000 Tribesmen Pledge MacArthur Aid to the Death". Youngstown Vindicator. hlm. 19. Diakses tanggal 16 May 2014. 
  • AP (Mar 3, 1942). "10,000 Filippinos Swear to Fight On". The Calgary Herald. hlm. 7. Diakses tanggal 16 May 2014. 
  • United Press (Mar 3, 1942). "NAVY PREPARES FOR OFFENSIVE AGAINST ENEMY". Warsaw Daily Union. hlm. 1. Diakses tanggal 16 May 2014. 
  • "Americans Make First Substantial Gains On Bataan (Continued From Page 1)". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. Feb 26, 1942. hlm. 2. Diakses tanggal 16 May 2014. 
  • The News and Courier http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=D5NIAAAAIBAJ&sjid=cgkNAAAAIBAJ&pg=1830,5570104&hl=en. Diakses tanggal 16 May 2014.  Tidak memiliki atau tanpa |title= (bantuan)[pranala nonaktif permanen]
  • AP (Mar 3, 1942). "10,000 Moros Vow To Wield Knives Against Japanese". The Lewiston Daily Sun. hlm. 7. Diakses tanggal 16 May 2014. 
  • CAPTAIN HERBERT CURTIS, U. S. Army (Retired), 1695 Davie Street, Vancouver (Jan 13, 1942). "Japanese Infiltration Into Mindanao". The Vancouver Sun. hlm. 4. Diakses tanggal 16 May 2014. Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)
  • "Japs Order (Continued from Page 1)". Reading Eagle. Mar 6, 1942. hlm. 28. Diakses tanggal 16 May 2014. 
  • U.P. (Mar 6, 1942). "FEAR UPRISING IN PHILIPPINES". The Telegraph-Herald. hlm. 1. Diakses tanggal 16 May 2014. 
  • "FILIPINOS TOLD TO YIELD BOLOS (Continued from Page 1)". Herald-Journal. Mar 7, 1942. hlm. 2. Diakses tanggal 16 May 2014. 
  • (A. P.) (Nov 9, 1942). "Erie Captain Suggests Mindanao for Offense". Youngstown Vindicator. hlm. 24. Diakses tanggal 16 May 2014. 
  • DAVIS, SPENCER (May 22, 1945). "TROUBLED FUTURE FACES MOROS IN FREE PHILIPPINES". The Lewiston Daily Sun. hlm. 7. Diakses tanggal 16 May 2014. 
  • AP (May 22, 1945). "Troubled Future Faces Moros In Free Philippines". Lewiston Evening Journal. hlm. 5. Diakses tanggal 16 May 2014. 
  • HURDS, CHARLES (February 27, 1942). "JAPANESE SET BACK; Hit All Along the Line by Bataan Defenders-Lose Outposts in Reverse GUERRILLAS ALSO ACTIVE Attack Enemy in Other Parts of Luzon -- 'Desultory Fighting' Goes On in Mindanao". THE NEW YORK TIMES. hlm. 1. Diakses tanggal 16 May 2014. 
  • "REICH-MADE PLANES SEEN OVER BATAAN; Japanese Believed Dipping Into Reserves to Keep Up Bombing of Philippine Defenders LANAO MOROS LOYAL TO US Leaders of 10,000 Pledge They Will Never Give Up Fighting Till Invaders Are Defeated". THE NEW YORK TIMES. March 3, 1942. hlm. 2. Diakses tanggal 16 May 2014. 
  • AP (Mar 6, 1942). "Japanese Order Filipinos To Surrender Bolo Knives". The Palm Beach Post. hlm. 1. Diakses tanggal 16 May 2014. [pranala nonaktif permanen]
  • AP (Mar 3, 1942). "More Jap Troops Land In Philippines". The Deseret News. hlm. 1. Diakses tanggal 16 May 2014. 
  • "Courageous Guerrillas Harass Japs On Bataan". Painesville Telegraph. Mar 2, 1942. hlm. 1. Diakses tanggal 16 May 2014. 
  • Lee, Clark (Apr 3, 1942). "United States Flag Still Waves Over Major Part of Philippines". The Montreal Gazette. hlm. 3. Diakses tanggal 16 May 2014. 
  • Lee, Clark (April 3, 1942). "Most Of Philippines Still Under U.S. Flag". Ottowa Citizen. hlm. 25. Diakses tanggal 16 May 2014. 
  • LEE, CLARKE (Apr 3, 1942). "Most of Philippines Still Under United States Flag". Herald-Journal. hlm. 4. Diakses tanggal 16 May 2014. 
  • LEE, CLARK (Apr 3, 1942). "American Flag Still Flying Over Greater Part of Philippines". Schenectady Gazette. hlm. 1. Diakses tanggal 16 May 2014. 
  • The News and Courier http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=cI5JAAAAIBAJ&sjid=IQwNAAAAIBAJ&pg=4808,1706249&hl=en. Diakses tanggal 16 May 2014.  Tidak memiliki atau tanpa |title= (bantuan)[pranala nonaktif permanen]
  • LEE, CLARK (Apr 3, 1942). "Most of Philippines Still Free of Invading Japanese". St. Joseph Gazette. hlm. 7. Diakses tanggal 16 May 2014. 
  • LEE, CLARK (Apr 3, 1942). "Japs Control Only Small Part Of Philippines". Daytona Beach Morning Journal. hlm. 9. Diakses tanggal 16 May 2014. 
  • Lee, Clark (Apr 3, 1942). "Japs Holding Only 5 Isles In Philippines". Youngstown Vindicator. hlm. 2. Diakses tanggal 16 May 2014. 
  • FLOYD, NAT (February 14, 1942). "American Force Bombed by Planes, Shelled by Light Artillery -- Igorotes, Moros Help Armored Force in Holding Peninsula". THE NEW YORK TIMES. hlm. 3. Diakses tanggal 16 May 2014. 
  • "Igorots Ride (Continued from Page 1)". The Evening Independent. Feb 13, 1942. hlm. 2. Diakses tanggal 16 May 2014. 
  • LEE, CLARK (Feb 14, 1942). "Wiry Igorot Natives With Keen Bolo Knives Aid MacArthur's Men". Spokane Daily Chronicle. hlm. 2. Diakses tanggal 16 May 2014. 
  • LEE, CLARK (Feb 14, 1942). "Wiry Igorot Natives With Keen Bolo Knives Aid MacArthur's Men". Spokane Daily Chronicle. hlm. 30. Diakses tanggal 16 May 2014. 
  • LEE, CLARK (Feb 16, 1942). "Wiry Igorot Natives With Keen Bolo Knives Aid MacArthur's Men". Spokane Daily Chronicle. hlm. 10. Diakses tanggal 16 May 2014. 
  • AP (Feb 13, 1942). "IGOROTS ON TANKS RIDE AGAINST JAPS". Lawrence Journal-World. hlm. 6. Diakses tanggal 16 May 2014. 
  • THE ASSOCIATED PRESS (Apr 22, 1945). "American Troops Advance Slowly on Okinawa Island". St. Petersburg Times. hlm. 2. Diakses tanggal 16 May 2014. 
  • "Small Gains (Continued from Page 1)". Herald-Journal. Apr 22, 1945. hlm. 3. Diakses tanggal 16 May 2014. 
  • THE ASSOCIATED PRESS (Apr 22, 1945). "American Troops Advance Slowly on Okinawa Island". St. Petersburg Times. hlm. 39. Diakses tanggal 16 May 2014. 
  • The Rock Hill Herald http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=0CUtAAAAIBAJ&sjid=u6QEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1102,470360&hl=en. Diakses tanggal 16 May 2014.  Tidak memiliki atau tanpa |title= (bantuan)[pranala nonaktif permanen]
  • CAPTAIN HERBERT CURTIS, U.S. Army (Retired), 1695 Davie Street, Vancouver (Jan 13, 1942). "Japanese Infiltration Into Mindanao". The Vancouver Sun. hlm. 4. Diakses tanggal 16 May 2014. Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)
  • AP (Mar 13, 1945). "Yank Soldiers in Zamboanga". The Milwaukee Journal. hlm. 1. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2016-05-13. Diakses tanggal 16 May 2014. 
  • "80 Japanese Troop Ships Are Sighted Off Luzon (Continued From Page1)". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Dec 22, 1941. hlm. 7. Diakses tanggal 16 May 2014. 
  • "JAPANESE HALTED IN BATAAN ATTACK; Fighting Dwindles After the Repulse of Enemy Drive -- Planes Harry Defenders". THE NEW YORK TIMES. March 31, 1942. hlm. 5. Diakses tanggal 16 May 2014. 
  • The News and Courier http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=kY5JAAAAIBAJ&sjid=IQwNAAAAIBAJ&pg=1369,5123873&hl=en. Diakses tanggal 16 May 2014.  Tidak memiliki atau tanpa |title= (bantuan)[pranala nonaktif permanen]
  • RUSSELL, HARDING (Mar 21, 1942). "WHY MACARTHUR HELD ON". The Sydney Morning Herald. hlm. 4. Diakses tanggal 16 May 2014. 
  • "DEFENDERS OF BATAN (A.A.P.)". The Age. Apr 11, 1942. hlm. 1. Diakses tanggal 16 May 2014. 
  • "THEY WERE EXPENDABLE CHAPTER X". The Evening Independent. Jan 13, 1943. hlm. 14. Diakses tanggal 16 May 2014. 
  • "Outrages Cause Anger; FLOTILLA IS SIGHTED OFF LUZON'S COAST". THE NEW YORK TIMES. December 22, 1941. hlm. 1. Diakses tanggal 16 May 2014. 
  • "Six Japanese Bombers In New Raid On Manila (Continued from First Page)". Meriden Record. Dec 22, 1941. hlm. 13. Diakses tanggal 16 May 2014. 
  • "SITUATION AT DAVAO OBSCURE AS JAPS LAND (Continued from Page 1)". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. Dec 21, 1941. hlm. 2. Diakses tanggal 16 May 2014. 
  • AP (Dec 21, 1941). "JAPS ATTEMPT NEW INVASION". The Telegraph-Herald. hlm. 1. Diakses tanggal 16 May 2014. 
  • "THE JAPS SWARM AT DAVAO BUT THE SITUATION OBSCURE (continued from page one)". Nevada Mail. Dec 22, 1941. hlm. 3. Diakses tanggal 16 May 2014. 
  • Harris, Henry (Feb 28, 1942). "The STRATEGIC SLANT". Daily Boston Globe (1928-1960) - Boston, Mass. hlm. 3. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2014-05-18. Diakses tanggal 16 May 2014. 
  • AP (April 22). "AMERICANS STRIDE IN MINDANAO DRIVE; Push to Vital Road Junction 32 Miles From Illana Bay---- Win Cagayan Key on Luzon". THE NEW YORK TIMES. Diakses tanggal 16 May 2014.  Periksa nilai tanggal di: |date= (bantuan)
  • Boguslav, David (Apr 19, 1945). "U.S. Forces Strike Inland In Mindanao Invasion Drive". The Christian Science Monitor (1908-Current file) - Boston, Mass. hlm. 6. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2014-05-18. Diakses tanggal 16 May 2014. 
  • WILKINS, H. FORD (June 9, 1946). "ROXAS ESTIMATES PHILIPPINE DEFICIT; Government Expected to Run in Red by $124,000,000 Next Year and Rely on Loans". THE NEW YORK TIMES. hlm. 25. Diakses tanggal 16 May 2014. 
  • AP (May 16, 1945). "LUCKLESS JAPS SAIL BACKWARD". The Spokesman-Review. hlm. 9. Diakses tanggal 16 May 2014. 
  • AP (May 15, 1945). "Backward Sailing Fatal for Japanese". Spokane Daily Chronicle. hlm. 1. Diakses tanggal 16 May 2014. 
  • "Large Force Is Attacking (Continued from Page One)". Youngstown Vindicator. Dec 21, 1941. hlm. 58. Diakses tanggal 16 May 2014. 
  • "BACK TO THE SULUS". THE NEW YORK TIMES. Diakses tanggal 16 May 2014. 
  • AP (March 12). "MOST OF MINDANAO HELD BY GUERRILLAS". THE NEW YORK TIMES. Diakses tanggal 16 May 2014.  Periksa nilai tanggal di: |date= (bantuan)

Bacaan tambahan

  • Agoncillo Teodoro A. The Fateful Years: Japan's Adventure in the Philippines, 1941–1945. Quezon City, PI: R.P. Garcia Publishing Co., 1965. 2 vols
  • Hartendorp A. V.H. The Japanese Occupation of the Philippines. Manila: Bookmark, 1967. 2 vols.
  • Lear, Elmer. The Japanese Occupation of the Philippines: Leyte, 1941–1945. Southeast Asia Program, Department of Far Eastern Studies, Cornell University, 1961. 246p. emphasis on social history
  • Steinberg, David J. Philippine Collaboration in World War II. University of Michigan Press, 1967. 235p.

Sumber primer

  • Ephraim, Frank (2003). Escape to Manila: From Nazi Tyranny to Japanese Terror. University of Illinois Press. hlm. 220. ISBN 9780252028458.