Pembantaian Rumbula

Pembantaian Rumbula adalah sebuah istilah kolektif untuk insiden pada 30 November dan 8 Desember 1941, dimana sekitar 25.000 Yahudi dibantai di dalam atau pada perjalanan menuju hutan Rumbula dekat Riga, Latvia, pada masa Holocaust. Terkecuali the pembantaian Babi Yar di Ukraina, peristiwa tersebut adalah kejahatan Holocaust dua hari terbesar sampai operasi kamp-kamp kematian.^[1]

Catatan

^ Ezergailis 1996b, hlm. 239.

Referensi

Historiografi

Anders, Edward, and Dubrovskis, Juris, "Who Died in the Holocaust? Recovering Names from Official Records", Holocaust and Genocide Studies 17.1 (2003) 114-138
Angrick, Andrej; Klein, Peter (2012). The 'Final Solution' in Riga: Exploitation and Annihilation, 1941-1944. Translation from German by Ray Brandon. Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-0857456014.
Bloxham, Donald, Genocide on Trial; war crimes trials and the formation of Holocaust History and Memory, Oxford University Press, New York NY 2001 ISBN 0-19-820872-3
Browning, Christopher (1999). Nazi Policy, Jewish Workers, German Killers. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-77490-X.
Browning, Christopher; Matthäus, Jürgen (2004). The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939 – March 1942. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-5979-9.
Dribins, Leo, Gūtmanis, Armands, and Vestermanis, Marģers, "Latvia's Jewish Community: History, Trajedy, Revival", Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Latvia
Edelheit, Abraham J. and Edelheit, Hershel, History of the Holocaust : A Handbook and Dictionary, Westview Press, Boulder, CO 1994 ISBN 0-8133-1411-9
Eksteins, Modris, Walking Since Daybreak: A story of Eastern Europe, World War II, and the Heart of our Century, Houghton Mifflin, Boston 1999 ISBN 0-395-93747-7.
Ezergailis, Andrew (1996a). "Latvia". Dalam Wyman, David S.; Rosenzveig, Charles H. The World Reacts to the Holocaust. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. hlm. 354–88. ISBN 0-8018-4969-1.
Ezergailis, Andrew (1996b). The Holocaust in Latvia, 1941-1944: The Missing Center. Riga / Washington DC: Historical Institute of Latvia and the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. ISBN 978-9984905433.
Fleming, Gerald (1994). Hitler and the Final Solution. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0520060229.
Friedländer, Saul, The years of extermination : Nazi Germany and the Jews, 1939-1945, New York, NY 2007 ISBN 978-0-06-019043-9
Hilberg, Raul, The Destruction of the European Jews (3d Ed.) Yale University Press, New Haven, CT 2003. ISBN 0-300-09557-0
Hobrecht,Jürgen "We did survive it"- The Riga Ghetto. Documentary film, Berlin 2013, 98 Min. Outtakes: www.phoenix-medienakademie.com/Riga-survive
Kaufmann, Max (2010). Churbn Lettland - The Destruction of the Jews of Latvia (PDF). Translation by Laimdota Mazzarins. Konstanz: Hartung-Gorre Verlag. ISBN 978-3-86628-315-2.
Klee, Ernst, Dressen, Willi, and Riess, Volker, eds., The Good Old Days: The Holocaust as seen by its Perpetrators and Bystanders, (English translation) MacMillan Free Press, NY 1991 ISBN 0-02-917425-2
Latvia Institute, The Holocaust in German-Occupied Latvia Diarsipkan 2020-07-28 di Wayback Machine.
Michelson, Frida, I Survived Rumbuli, Holocaust Library, New York, NY 1979 ISBN 0-89604-029-1
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Latvia, Holocaust Remembrance - Rumbula Memorial Site Unveiled, December 2002 Diarsipkan 2011-09-28 di Wayback Machine.
Press, Bernard, The Murder of the Jews in Latvia, Northwestern University Press, 2000 ISBN 0-8101-1729-0
Reitlinger, Gerald, The SS—Alibi of a Nation, at 186, 282, Viking Press, New York, 1957 (Da Capo reprint 1989) ISBN 0-306-80351-8
Roseman, Mark, The Wannsee Conference and the Final Solution—A Reassessment, Holt, New York, 2002 ISBN 0-8050-6810-4
Rubenstein, Richard L., and Roth, John K., Approaches to Auschwitz, page 179, Louisville, Ky. : Westminster John Knox Press, 2003. ISBN 0-664-22353-2
(dalam bahasa Jerman) Scheffler, Wolfgang, "Zur Geschichte der Deportation jüdischer Bürger nach Riga 1941/1942", Volksbund Deutsche Kriegsgräberfürsorge e.V. – 23.05.2000
Schneider, Gertrude, Journey into terror: story of the Riga Ghetto, (2d Ed.) Westport, Conn. : Praeger, 2001 ISBN 0-275-97050-7
Schneider, Gertrude, ed., The Unfinished Road: Jewish Survivors of Latvia Look Back, Praeger Publishers (1991) ISBN 978-0-275-94093-5
Smith, Lyn, Remembering: Voices of the Holocaust, Carroll & Graf, New York 2005 ISBN 0-7867-1640-1
Winter, Alfred, "Rumbula Viewed From The Riga Ghetto" from The Ghetto of Riga and Continuance - A Survivor's Memoir 1998

Bukti dan pengadilan kejahatan perang

Brätigam, Otto, Memorandum dated 18 Dec. 1941, "Jewish Question re correspondence of 15 Nov. 1941" translated and reprinted in Office of the United States Chief of Counsel For Prosecution of Axis Criminality, Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, Exhibit 3666-PS, Volume VII, pages 978–995, USGPO, Washington DC 1946 ("Red Series")
Jeckeln, Friedrich, excerpts from minutes of interrogation, 14 December 1945 (Maj. Zwetajew, interrogator, Sgt. Suur, interpreter), pages 8–13, from the Historical State Archives, as reprinted in Fleming, Hitler and the Final Solution, at pages 95–100 (Portions of the Jeckeln interrogation are also available online at the Nizkor website Diarsipkan 2011-07-18 di Wayback Machine.).
Stahlecker, Franz W., "Comprehensive Report of Einsatzgruppe A Operations up to 15 October 1941", Exhibit L-180, translated in part and reprinted in Office of the United States Chief of Counsel For Prosecution of Axis Criminality, Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, Volume VII, pages 978–995, USGPO, Washington DC 1946 ("Red Series")
"The International Military Tribunal for Germany". Yale Law School / Lillian Goldman Law Library / The Avalon Project.
Trials of War Criminals before the Nuernberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law No. 10, Nuernberg, October 1946 - April 1949, Volume IV, ("Green Series) (the "Einsatzgruppen case") also available at Mazel library (well indexed HTML version)

Bacaan tambahan

Katz, Josef, One Who Came Back, University of Wisconsin Press, (2nd Ed. 2006) ISBN 978-1-928755-07-4
Iwens, Sidney, How Dark the Heavens—1400 Days in the Grip of Nazi Terror, Shengold Publishing (2d ed. 1990) ISBN 978-0-88400-147-8
Michelson, Max, City of Life, City of Death: Memories of Riga, University Press of Colorado (2001) ISBN 978-0-87081-642-0

Pranala luar

Media terkait The Holocaust in Latvia di Wikimedia Commons
The Holocaust in Latvia and Latvia's Jews Yesterday and Today
Remembering Rumbula
Killed in Rumbala forest
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Latvia, Holocaust Education, Research and Remembrance in Latvia, 16 Sept 2003 Diarsipkan 2011-07-16 di Wayback Machine.
(dalam bahasa Jerman) Berliner Zeitung, Das Lange Warten des Abram Kit, 29 October 1997