Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
Great Seal of the United States
Judul lengkapThe Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
Akronim (tidak resmi)PPACA
JulukanAffordable Care Act, Health Insurance Reform, Healthcare Reform, Obamacare
Disahkan olehKongres Amerika Serikat ke-111
Berlaku23 Maret 2010
Kebanyakan ketetapan utama diberlakukan pada Januari 2014; ketetapan sisanya pada tahun 2020
Kutipan
Public law111–148
Statutes at Large124 Stat. 119 melalui 124 Stat. 1025 (906 halaman)
Riwayat legislatif
  • Diajukan di DPR dengan nama the "Service Members Home Ownership Tax Act of 2009" (H.R. 3590) oleh Charles Rangel (D–NY) pada tanggal 17 September 2009
  • Dipertimbangkan oleh Ways and Means
  • Disetujui DPR pada tanggal 8 Oktober 2009 (416–0)
  • Disetujui Senat dengan nama "Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act" pada tanggal 24 Desember 2009 (60–39) dengan amendemen
  • DPR menyetujui amendemen Senat pada tanggal 21 Maret 2010 (219–212)
  • Ditandatangani Presiden Barack Obama pada tanggal 23 Maret 2010
Amendemen besar
Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010
Comprehensive 1099 Taxpayer Protection and Repayment of Exchange Subsidy Overpayments Act of 2011
Kasus Mahkamah Agung Amerika Serikat
National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius

Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA),[1] biasa disebut Obamacare[2][3] atau hukum layanan kesehatan federal, adalah sebuah hukum federal yang disahkan oleh Presiden Barack Obama pada tanggal 23 Maret 2010. Bersama Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act, UU ini mengusung perombakan regulasi sistem layanan kesehatan Amerika Serikat terbesar sejak disahkannya Medicare dan Medicaid tahun 1965.[4]

PPACA lebih ditujukan untuk mengurangi jumlah warga Amerika Serikat tak terasuransikan dan seluruh biaya layanan kesehatan. UU ini menyediakan berbagai macam mekanisme—termasuk mandat, subsidi, dan kredit pajak—untuk para pengusaha dan individu demi meningkatkan tingkat cakupan asuransi.[5][6] Reformasi lain bertujuan memperbaiki hasil layanan kesehatan dan menyederhanakan penyaluran layanan kesehatan. PPACA mensyaratkan perusahaan-perusahaan asuransi mencakup semua pendaftar dan menawarkan nilai yang sama tanpa melihat kondisi tak jelas atau jenis kelamin.[7][8] Congressional Budget Office memperkirakan PPACA akan mengurangi defisit selanjutnya[9] dan anggaran Medicare.[10]

Pada tanggal 28 Jun 2012, Mahkamah Agung Amerika Serikat mendukung konstitusionalitas sebagian besar isi PPACA dalam kasus National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius.[11][12]

Lihat pula

  • Perbandingan sistem layanan kesehatan di Kanada dan Amerika Serikat
  • Reformasi layanan kesehatan Massachusetts ("RomneyCare")
  • Layanan kesehatan universal
  • National Health Insurance
  • Perbandingan layanan kesehatan Amerika Serikat dengan 8 negara lain dalam bentuk tabel

Referensi

  1. ^ Pub.L. 111-148, 124 Stat. 119, yang ditandai telah diamendemen di sejumlah pasal-pasal tentang Internal Revenue Code dan di 42 U.S.C.
  2. ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama CNN20120625Obamacare
  3. ^ Holan, Angie D. (March 20, 2012). "RomneyCare & ObamaCare: Can you tell the difference?". PolitiFact.com. Tampa Bay Times. Diakses tanggal August 29, 2012. 
  4. ^ James Vicini and Jonathan Stempel (June 28, 2012). "US top court upholds healthcare law in Obama triumph". Reuters. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2014-08-13. Diakses tanggal 2013-01-23. 
  5. ^ Pear, Robert (July 7, 2012). "Health Law Critics Prepare to Battle Over Insurance Exchange Subsidies". New York Times. Diakses tanggal July 7, 2012. 
  6. ^ Krugman, Paul (January 31, 2010). "Krugman calls Senate health care bill similar to law in Massachusetts". PolitiFact.com. Tampa Bay Times. Diakses tanggal August 29, 2012. 
  7. ^ Hearst, Steven R. (June 28, 2012). "Supreme Court Upholds Heart of Obama Health Care Law Seeking to Cover 30 Million Uninsured". The Gazette. Diakses tanggal June 30, 2012. [pranala nonaktif permanen]
  8. ^ "ObamaCare Survives the Supreme Court: 5 Takeaways". The Week. June 28, 2012. Diakses tanggal June 30, 2012. 
  9. ^ Elmendorf, Douglas W. (March 30, 2011). "CBO's Analysis of the Major Health Care Legislation Enacted in March 2010" (pdf). Congressional Budget Office. Diakses tanggal July 15, 2012. 
  10. ^ Elmendorf, Douglas W. (June 2011). "CBO's 2011 Long-Term Budget Outlook" (pdf). Congressional Budget Office. hlm. 44. Through those changes and numerous others, the 2010 legislation significantly decreased Medicare outlays relative to what they would have been under prior law. 
  11. ^ Barrett, Paul M. (June 28, 2012). "Supreme Court Supports Obamacare, Bolsters Obama". BloombergBusinessweek. Diakses tanggal June 30, 2012. 
  12. ^ National Post Wire Services (June 28, 2012). "Obamacare upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court". National Post. Diakses tanggal June 30, 2012. , termasuk ketetapan utama yang mewajibkan semua warga Amerika Serikat membeli asuransi kesehatan.

Bacaan lanjutan

  • Barr, Donald A. (2011). Introduction to U.S. Health Policy: The Organization, Financing, and Delivery of Health Care in America. JHU Press. 
  • CCH (2010). Law, Explanation and Analysis of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act: Including Reconciliation Act Impact. CCH Incorporated.  1183pp
  • Feldman, Arthur M. (2011). Understanding Health Care Reform: Bridging the Gap Between Myth and Reality. CRC Press. 
  • Jacobs, Lawrence R.; Theda Skocpol (2010). Health Care Reform and American Politics. Oxford U.P. 
  • John E. McDonough (2011). Inside National Health Reform. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520270190.  Parameter |month= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)
Dokumen awal CBO
  • Patient Protection And Affordable Care Act, Incorporating The Manager's Amendment − December 19, 2009
    • Effects Of The Patient Protection And Affordable Care Act On The Federal Budget And The Balance In The Hospital Insurance Trust Fund (December 23, 2009)
    • Estimated Effect Of The Patient Protection And Affordable Care Act (Incorporating The Manager's Amendment) On The Hospital Insurance Trust Fund (December 23, 2009)
  • Base Analysis – H.R. 3590, Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, − November 18, 2009.
    ↑ (The Additional and/or Related CBO reporting that follows can be accessed from the above link)
    • Estimated Distribution Of Individual Mandate Penalties (November 20, 2009)
    • Estimated Effects On Medicare Advantage Enrollment And Benefits Not Covered By Medicare (November 21, 2009)
    • Estimated Effects On The Status Of The Hospital Insurance Trust Fund (November 21, 2009)
    • Estimated Average Premiums Under Current Law (December 5, 2009)
    • Additional Information About Employment-Based Coverage (December 7, 2009)
    • Budgetary Treatment Of Proposals To Regulate Medical Loss Ratios (December 13, 2009)
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) Perkiraan dampak P.L. 111-148
  • Estimated Financial Effects of the "Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act," as Amended. April 22, 2010.
  • Estimated Effects of the "Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act," as Amended, on the Year of Exhaustion for the Part A Trust Fund, Part B Premiums, and Part A and Part B Coinsurance Amounts. April 22, 2010.
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) Perkiraan dampak H.R. 3590
  • Estimated Financial Effects of the "Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2009," as Proposed by the Senate Majority Leader on November 18, 2009. December 10, 2009.
  • Estimated Effects of the "Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act" on the Year of Exhaustion for the Part A Trust Fund, Part B Premiums, and Part A and Part B Coinsurance Amounts. December 10, 2009.

Pranala luar

Cari tahu mengenai Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act pada proyek-proyek Wikimedia lainnya:
Gambar dan media dari Commons
Berita dari Wikinews
Teks sumber dari Wikisource
  • Video: Obama signs Healthcare Bill
  • Supreme Court Ruling on the ACA-June 28, 2012 Diarsipkan 2012-06-28 di Wayback Machine.
  • Remarks by the President on Supreme Court Ruling on the Affordable Care Act-June 28, 2012
  • HealthCare.gov – Department of Health and Human Services website on the law
  • (Inggris) Affordable Care Act - Berita dan komentar di The New York Times
  • (Inggris) Health Reform - Kumpulan berita dan komentar di The Wall Street Journal
  • Basics: Health care reform issues as provided by Emily Smith from CNN' June 25, 2012
  • Timeline of the health care law as provided by CNN June 17, 2012
  • Kaiser Family Foundation: Health Reform Subsidy Calculator – Premium Assistance for Coverage in Exchanges/Gateways Diarsipkan 2013-04-22 di Wayback Machine.
  • Three Days of Argument: Obamacare On Trial Audiobook Diarsipkan 2014-07-02 di Wayback Machine. – Complete coverage of the arguments to the Supreme Court regarding Obamacare
  • Supreme Court ruling caps a century of American debate over how to get medical care for all[pranala nonaktif permanen] An Associated Press timeline published on June 28, 2012 by The Washington Post about key events in a century of debate over what role the government should play in helping people in the United States afford medical care
  • HealthReformGPS.org Diarsipkan 2014-11-09 di Wayback Machine. – Tracking and explanation of the law – as it is implemented – by analysts at the Hirsh Health Law and Policy program of the George Washington University School of Public Health and Health Services.
  • Ambinder, Marc (March 22, 2010). "Has Romney Lost The RomneyCare = ObamaCare Argument?". The Atlantic. Diakses tanggal 2011-04-07. 
Salinan RUU
  • PDF of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ("PPACA"; Public Law 111–148) after consolidating the amendments made by Title X of PPACA itself and by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 ("HCERA"; Public Law 111–152) into one revision.
  • Plain Text or PDF formats of H. R. 3590 (Public Law 111-148), as engrossed or passed by the Senate and printed via FDsys.
  • The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, full text, summary, background, provisions and more, via Democratic Policy Committee (Senate.gov)
  • Summary of H.R. 3590[pranala nonaktif permanen] (March 23, 2010) via THOMAS.
  • Entry for H.R. 3590 at GovTrack
  • The law as published by the U.S. Government Printing Office
  • "Lines Crossed: Separation of Church and State. Has the Obama Administration Trampled on Freedom of Religion and Freedom of Conscience?" Hearing before the Congressional Committee on Oversight and Government Reform February 16, 2012
    • Lines Crossed: Separation of Church and State – Part 1
    • Lines Crossed: Separation of Church and State – Part 2
    • '"Where Are the Women?": Lawmakers Walk Out on Contraception Rule Hearing After Female Witness Barred' Democracy Now! February 17, 2012