Mata uang cadangan

Mata uang cadangan (atau mata uang jangkar) adalah mata uang yang dipegang dalam jumlah besar oleh pemerintah atau lembaga sebagai bagian dari cadangan devisanya. Mata uang cadangan sering digunakan dalam transaksi internasional dan dianggap mata uang keras atau mata uang penjamin. Orang-orang yang tinggal di negara penerbit mata uang cadangan dapat membeli barang impor dan meminjam lintas perbatasan dengan harga lebih murah daripada negara lain karena mereka tidak perlu menukarkan mata uangnya.

Pada akhir abad ke-20, dolar Amerika Serikat diakui sebagai mata uang cadangan terkuat di dunia.[1] Permintaan dolar memungkinkan pemerintah dan rakyat Amerika Serikat meminjam dengan nilai yang lebih rendah dan menguntungkan mereka sebesar $100 miliar setiap tahunnya.[2] Namun demikian, seiring meningkatnya nilai mata uang, status dolar A.S. sebagai mata uang cadangan mengancam para eksportir Amerika Serikat.[3]

Cadangan devisa dunia

Komposisi mata uang devisa
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 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Data Terkini
Kuartal III 2015
Dolar A.S. 59.0% 62.1% 65.2% 69.3% 71.0% 70.5% 70.7% 66.5% 65.8% 66.0% 66.4% 65.7% 64.1% 64.1% 62.1% 61.8% 62.3% 61.1% 61.0% 63.1% 64.0%
Euro 17.9% 18.8% 19.8% 24.2% 25.3% 24.9% 24.3% 25.2% 26.3% 26.4% 27.6% 26.0% 24.7% 24.3% 24.4% 22.1% 20.3%
Mark Jerman 15.8% 14.7% 14.5% 13.8%
Franc Prancis 2.4% 1.8% 1.4% 1.6%
Pound sterling 2.1% 2.7% 2.6% 2.7% 2.9% 2.8% 2.7% 2.9% 2.6% 3.2% 3.6% 4.2% 4.7% 4.0% 4.3% 3.9% 3.8% 4.0% 4.0% 3.8% 4.7%
Yen Jepang 6.8% 6.7% 5.8% 6.2% 6.4% 6.3% 5.2% 4.5% 4.1% 3.8% 3.7% 3.2% 2.9% 3.1% 2.9% 3.7% 3.6% 4.1% 3.8% 3.9% 3.8%
Dolar Kanada 1.5% 1.8% 1.9% 1.9%
Dolar Australia 1.5% 1.8% 1.8% 1.8%
Franc Swiss 0.3% 0.2% 0.4% 0.3% 0.2% 0.3% 0.3% 0.4% 0.2% 0.2% 0.1% 0.2% 0.2% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 0.3%
Lainnya 13.6% 11.7% 10.2% 6.1% 1.6% 1.4% 1.2% 1.4% 1.9% 1.9% 1.9% 1.5% 1.8% 2.2% 3.1% 4.4% 5.4% 3.3% 2.9% 3.2% 3.2%
Sources:[4][5][6]

Komposisi mata uang devisa resmi sejak 1995.[7][8][9]

  Dolar A.S.
  Euro
  Mark Jerman
  Franc Prancis
  Pound sterling
  Yen Jepang
  Lainnya
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Lihat pula

Referensi

  1. ^ "The Federal Reserve in the International Sphere", The Federal Reserve System: Purposes & Functions, a publication of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, 9th Edition, June 2005
  2. ^ Rogoff, Kenneth (October 2013). "America's Endless Budget Battle". Project Syndicate. 
  3. ^ "Go with the flows: The rise and fall of the dollar", The Economist, 22 January 2011
  4. ^ Review of the International Role of the Euro (PDF), Frankfurt am Main: European Central Bank, December 2005, ISSN 1725-2210 ; ISSN 1725-6593 (online).
  5. ^ For 1995–99, 2006–15: "Currency Composition of Official Foreign Exchange Reserves (COFER)". Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund. January 3, 2013. 
  6. ^ For 1999–2005: International Relations Committee Task Force on Accumulation of Foreign Reserves (February 2006), The Accumulation of Foreign Reserves (PDF), Occasional Paper Series, Nr. 43, Frankfurt am Main: European Central Bank, ISSN 1607-1484 ; ISSN 1725-6534 (online).
  7. ^ Review of the International Role of the Euro (PDF), Frankfurt am Main: European Central Bank, December 2005, ISSN 1725-2210 ISSN 1725-6593 (online).
  8. ^ For 1995–99, 2006–12: "Currency Composition of Official Foreign Exchange Reserves (COFER)" (PDF). Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund. January 3, 2013. 
  9. ^ For 1999–2005: International Relations Committee Task Force on Accumulation of Foreign Reserves (February 2006), The Accumulation of Foreign Reserves (PDF), Occasional Paper Series, Nr. 43, Frankfurt am Main: European Central Bank, ISSN 1607-1484 ISSN 1725-6534 (online).

Bacaan lanjutan

  • Prasad, Eswar S. (2014). The Dollar Trap: How the U.S. Dollar Tightened Its Grip on Global Finance. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-16112-9.