Kongres Kontinental Kedua

Independence Hall, Philadelphia
Deklarasi Kemerdekaan oleh John Trumbull

Kongres Kontinental Kedua merupakan sebuah nama yang diberikan kepada majelis delegasi dari 13 koloni Amerika Serikat yang berlangsung pada 10 Mei 1775 hingga 1 Maret 1781. Kongres ini menyetujui Deklarasi Kemerdekaan Amerika Serikat pada 4 Juli 1776, mangeak Pasal-Pasal Konfederasi. Selama Revolusi Amerika Serikat, Kongres ini bertindak sebagai pemerintah dan membuat keputusan mengenai kebijakan luar negeri, perang, dan mata uang.[1][2]

Lihat pula

Referensi

  1. ^ (Cogliano 2000, p. 113)
  2. ^ (Marienstras et Wulf 2005, p. 68)

Bacaan selanjutnya

  • Adams, Willi Paul; Kimber, Rita (1980). The First American Constitutions: Republican Ideology and the Making of the State Constitutions in the Revolutionary Era. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 9780742520691. 
  • Henderson, H. James (2002) [1974]. Party Politics in the Continental Congress. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0819165255. 
  • Force, Peter (ed.). American Archives. Northern Illinois University Libraries. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal February 6, 2007. 
  • Kruman, Marc W. (1997). Between Authority and Liberty: State Constitution Making in Revolutionary America. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0807847976. 
  • Montross, Lynn (1970) [1950]. The Reluctant Rebels; the Story of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789Perlu mendaftar (gratis). Harper. ISBN 038903973X. 
  • Rakove, Jack N. (1979). The Beginnings of National Politics: An Interpretive History of the Continental Congress. Knopf. ISBN 9780394423708. 

Pranala luar

  • Media terkait Continental Congress di Wikimedia Commons
  • Full text of Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789
    Letters of Delegates to Congress, 1774-1789
  • l
  • b
  • s
Federal Reserve System
  • Federal Open Market Committee
  • Ketua
  • Gubernur
  • Federal Reserve Bank
Uang kertas
  • Federal Reserve Note
  • Federal Reserve Bank Note
Laporan
  • Beige Book
  • Federal Reserve Statistical Release
  • Monetary Policy Report to the Congress
  • Fedspeak
Dana federal
  • Margin diskonto
  • Dana federal
  • Suku bunga dana federal
  • Pedagang primer
Sejarah
Pendahulu
  • Currency Acts (1751; 1764)
  • Bank of North America (1781–1791)
  • First Bank of the United States (1791–1811)
  • Second Bank of the United States (1816–1836)
  • Suffolk Bank (1818–1858)
  • Suffolk System (1824–1858)
  • Bank War (1832–1836)
  • New York Clearing House (1853–1913)
  • National Bank Acts (1863; 1864)
  • Specie Payment Resumption Act (1875)
  • Aldrich–Vreeland Act (1908)
Resmi
  • Federal Reserve Act (1913)
  • Resesi pasca–Perang Dunia I (1918–1919)
  • Depresi 1920–21
  • Krisis Wall Street 1929
  • Depresi Besar (1929–1933)
  • Resesi 1937–38
  • Employment Act of 1946
  • Resesi akhir 1940-an (1948–1949)
  • U.S. Treasury Department Accord (1951)
  • Resesi awal 1950-an (1953–1954)
  • Bank Holding Company Act (1956)
  • Resesi akhir 1950-an (1957–1958)
  • Resesi 1960–61
  • Tindakan Federal Open Market Committee (1961–2015)
  • Resesi 1969–70
  • Resesi 1970-an (1973–1975)
  • Federal Reserve Reform Act (1977)
  • Humphrey–Hawkins Full Employment Act (1978)
  • Resesi awal 1980-an (1980; 1981–1982)
  • Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act (1980)
  • Board of Governors, FRS v. Investment Co. Institute (1981)
  • Black Monday (1987)
  • Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act (1989)
  • Krisis mini Jumat ke-13 (1989)
  • Resesi awal 1990-an (1990–1991)
  • Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act (1991)
  • Krisis mini 1997
  • Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act (1999)
  • Pecahnya gelembung dot-com (2000–2002)
  • Dampak ekonomi 9/11 (2001)
  • Pelambatan bursa efek 2002
  • Resesi awal 2000-an (2002–2003)
  • Krisis keuangan 2007–2008
  • Resesi Besar (2007–2009)
  • Pasar beruang A.S. 2007–2009
  • Tanggapan Federal Reserve terhadap krisis subprima (2007–2010)
  • Bloomberg v. Federal Reserve (2009)
  • Krisis Kilat (2010)
  • Penurunan bursa efek Agustus 2011
  • Penjualan bursa efek 2015–16
Ketua
  • Charles S. Hamlin (1914–1916)
  • William P. G. Harding (1916–1922)
  • Daniel R. Crissinger (1923–1927)
  • Roy A. Young (1927–1930)
  • Eugene Meyer (1930–1933)
  • Eugene R. Black (1933–1934)
  • Marriner S. Eccles (1934–1948)
  • Thomas B. McCabe (1948–1951)
  • William M. Martin (1951–1970)
  • Arthur F. Burns (1970–1978)
  • G. William Miller (1978–1979)
  • Paul Volcker (1979–1987)
  • Alan Greenspan (1987–2006)
  • Ben Bernanke (2006–2014)
  • Janet Yellen (2014–2018)
  • Jerome Powell (2018–)
Gubernur
  • Jerome Powell (Ketua)
  • Richard Clarida (Wakil Ketua)
  • Randal Quarles (Wakil Ketua Pengawasan)
  • Lael Brainard
  • 3 kursi kosong
Presiden
  • Eric S. Rosengren (Boston)
  • John C. Williams (New York)
  • Patrick T. Harker (Philadelphia)
  • Loretta J. Mester (Cleveland)
  • Jeffrey M. Lacker (Richmond)
  • Raphael Bostic (Atlanta)
  • Charles L. Evans (Chicago)
  • James B. Bullard (St. Louis)
  • Neel Kashkari (Minneapolis)
  • Esther George (Kansas City)
  • Robert Steven Kaplan (Dallas)
  • Mark A. Gould (Acting - San Francisco)