Junípero Serra

KontroversiPengikisan terhadap budaya Amerika Asli

Junípero Serra y Ferrer, O.F.M., (/huːˈnɪpɛroʊ ˈsɛrə/; bahasa Spanyol: [xuˈnipeɾo ˈsera], bahasa Katalan: Juníper Serra i Ferrer) (24 November 1713 – 28 Agustus 1784) adalah seorang imam dan frater Katolik Spanyol dari Ordo Fransiskan yang mendirikan sebuah misi di Baja California dan sembilan orang pertama dari 21 misi Spanyol di California dari San Diego sampai San Francisco, di apa yang kemudian menjadi Alta California di Provinsi Las Californias, Spanyol Baru. Serra dibeatifikasikan oleh Paus Yohanes Paulus II pada 25 September 1988, di Vatican City. Paus Fransiskus mengkanonisasikannya pada 23 September 2015, di Basilika Biara Perawan Tak Bernoda Nasional di Washington, D.C., saat kunjungan pertamanya ke Amerika Serikat.^[3] Karena tindakan-tindakan pietas yang tercatat dari Serra bercampur dengan usaha-usaha misionarisnya, ia meraih gelar anumerta Rasul California.

Deklarasi Serra sebagai seorang santo Katolik oleh Tahta Suci dianggap kontroversial bagi beberapa Amerika Asli yang mengkritik perlakuan Serra terhadap para leluhur mereka dan mengaitkannya dengan pengikisan budaya mereka. Orang-orang yang berpindah ke Katolik memujinya atas karya menonjolnya dalam menyelamatkan jiwa-jiwa.^[4]

Lihat pula

• Museum Junipero Serra
• Oak Vizcaíno-Serra

Referensi

Karya yang dikutip

• DeNevi, Don; Moholy, Noel Francis (1985). Junípero Serra: The Illustrated Story of the Franciscan Founder of California's Missions. Harper & Row. 

Bacaan tambahan

• Beebe, Rose Marie; Robert M. Senkewicz (2015). Junípero Serra: California, Indians, and the Transformation of a Missionary. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0806148687. 
• Castillo, Elias (2015). A Cross of Thorns: The Enslavement of California's Indians by the Spanish Missions. Quill Driver Books. ISBN 978-1-61035-242-0. 
• Clifford, Christian (2016). Who Was Saint Junípero Serra?. Tau Publishing. ISBN 978-1-61956-545-6. 
• Clifford, Christian (2015). Saint Junípero Serra: Making Sense of the History and Legacy. CreateSpace. ISBN 978-1511862295. 
• Cook, Sherburne Friend (1943). The Conflict Between the California Indian and White Civilization. University of California Press. ; Cook did not discuss Serra but looked at the missions as a system
• Deverell, William Francis; William Deverell; David Igler (2008). A Companion to California History. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 978-1-4051-6183-1. 
• Fitch, Abigail Hetzel (1914). Junipero Serra: The Man and His Work. 
• Fogel, Daniel (1988). Junipero Serra, the Vatican, and Enslavement Theology. ISM Press. ISBN 978-0-910383-25-7. 
• Geiger, Maynard J. The Life and Times of Fray Junipero Serra, OFM (2 vol 1959) 8 leading scholarly biography
• Geiger, Maynard. "Fray Junípero Serra: Organizer and Administrator of the Upper California Missions, 1769–1784," California Historical Society Quarterly (1963) 42#3 pp 195–220.
• Gleiter, Jan (1991). Junipero Serra. 
• Guest, Francis P. "Junipero Serra and His Approach to the Indians," Southern California Quarterly, (1985) 67#3 pp 223–261; favorable to Serra
• Hackel, Steven W. "The Competing Legacies of Junípero Serra: Pioneer, saint, villain," Common-Place (2005) 5#2 Diarsipkan 2012-04-19 di Wayback Machine.
• Hackel, Steven W. Junípero Serra: California's Founding Father (2013)
• Hackel, Steven W. Children of Coyote, Missionaries of St. Francis: Indian-Spanish Relations in Colonial California, 1769–1850 (2005)
• Sandos, James A. (2004). Converting California: Indians and Franciscans in the Missions. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-10100-3. 
• Luzbetak, Lewis J. "If Junipero Serra Were Alive: Missiological-Anthropological Theory Today," Americas, (1985) 42: 512–19, argues that Serra's intense commitment to saving the souls of the Indians would qualify him as an outstanding missionary by 20th century standards.
• Orfalea, Gregory (2014). Journey to the Sun: Junipero Serra's Dream and the Founding of California. Scribner. ISBN 978-1-4516-4272-8. 

Sumber primer

• Serra, Junipero. Writings of Junípero Serra, ed. and trans. by Antonine Tibesar, 4 vols. (Washington, D.C,. 1955–66).

Pranala luar

• Who Was Junípero Serra?, at www.CaliforniaFrontier.net, a website dedicated to Junipero Serra and the California mission era.
• The Humanity of Junípero Serra, an article by Thomas Davis at the Serra International official website
• Firing Line with William F. Buckley: Saint or Sinner: Junipero Serra (March 17, 1989) Edward Castillo and the Rev. Noel Maholy talk with William F. Buckley after Serra's beatification.
• Official Santa Barbara Mission-Archive Library website
• (Inggris) Junípero Serra di Find a Grave
• Karya di Wikisource:
  • "Junipero, Miguel José Serra". Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. 1892. 
  • Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Junípero Serra". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 
  • "Junipero, Miguel José Serra". Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.  di Wikisource

Tahapan Kanonisasi dalam Gereja Katolik
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