Abwehr

Layanan radio rahasia OKW Amt Ausland/Abwehr

Abwehr (pelafalan [ˈapveːɐ̯]) adalah dinas intelijen militer Jerman untuk Reichswehr dan Wehrmacht dari tahun 1920 sampai 1945.[1] Meskipun Perjanjian Versailles melarang Jerman untuk membentuk organisasi intelijen, Jerman membentuk kelompok spionase pada tahun 1920 di bawah Kementerian Pertahanan, menamainya Abwehr.[2] Tujuan awal Abwehr adalah sebagai pertahanan terhadap spionase asing—peran organisasi yang kemudian berkembang pesat.[3] Di bawah kepemimpinan Jenderal Kurt von Schleicher, satuan intelijen militer dan individu digabungkan, dan pada tahun 1929, dipusatkan di bawah kendali Kementerian Pertahanan, yang membentuk landasan bagi manifestasi Abwehr.

Setiap markas Abwehr di seluruh Jerman didasarkan pada distrik-distrik militer, dan perwakilan dibuka di negara-negara netral yang dapat menerima dan di wilayah-wilayah pendudukan ketika wilayah kekuasaan Reich mulai berkembang.[4] Kementerian Pertahanan berganti nama menjadi Kementerian Perang pada tahun 1935, diikuti oleh berkuasanya Adolf Hitler, yang membentuk angkatan bersenjata OKW. OKW menjadi bagian dari "staf pekerja" pribadi Führer sejak bulan Juni 1938 dan Abwehr menjadi agen intelijennya di bawah kendali Wakil Laksamana Wilhelm Canaris.[5] Kantor pusatnya terletak di 76/78 Tirpitzufer, Berlin, berdekatan dengan kantor OKW.

Kepala

№ Kepala Abwehr Mulai jabatan Akhir jabatan Lama menjabat Dinas/cabang militer
1
Friedrich Gempp
Gempp, FriedrichKolonel
Friedrich Gempp
(1873–1947)		1 Januari 1921Juni 19276 tahun, 5 bulan Angkatan Darat Republik Weimar
2
Günther Schwantes
Schwantes, GüntherMeior
Günther Schwantes
(1881–1942)		Juni 1927Februari 19291 tahun, 8 bulan Angkatan Darat Republik Weimar
3
Ferdinand von Bredow
Bredow, FerdinandLetnan Kolonel
Ferdinand von Bredow
(1884–1934)		Februari 19292 Juni 19323 tahun, 4 bulan Angkatan Darat Republik Weimar
4
Conrad Patzig
Patzig, ConradLaksamana Muda
Conrad Patzig
(1888–1975)		6 Juni 19321 Januari 19357002939000000000000♠2 tahun, 209 hari Kriegsmarine
5
Wilhelm Canaris
Canaris, WilhelmLaksamana
Wilhelm Canaris
(1887–1945)		1 Januari 193512 Februari 19447003332900000000000♠9 tahun, 42 hari Kriegsmarine
6
Georg Hansen
Hansen, GeorgKolonel
Georg Hansen
(1904–1944)		13 Februari 19441 Juni 19447002109000000000000♠109 hari Angkatan Darat Jerman
7
Walter Schellenberg
Schellenberg, WalterSS-Brigadeführer
Walter Schellenberg
(1910–1952)		1 Juni 19444 Mei 19457002337000000000000♠337 hari Schutzstaffel
8
Otto Skorzeny
Skorzeny, OttoSS-Obersturmbannführer
Otto Skorzeny
(1908–1975)		5 Mei 19458 Mei 19457000300000000000000♠3 hari Schutzstaffel

Lihat juga

Referensi

  1. ^ Holmes 2009, hlm. 2.
  2. ^ Zentner & Bedürftig 1991, hlm. 2.
  3. ^ Dear & Foot 1995, hlm. 1.
  4. ^ Taylor & Shaw 1997, hlm. 11.
  5. ^ Taylor 1995, hlm. 165.

Bibliografi

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  • Waller, John H. "The double life of Admiral Canaris." International Journal of Intelligence and Counter Intelligence (1996) 9#3 pp: 271-289.
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  • Weinberg, Gerhard (1994). A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-44317-3. 
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  • Weinberg, Gerhard (2005). Hitler's Foreign Policy 1933–1939: The Road to World War II. New York: Enigma Books. ISBN 978-1-92963-191-9. 
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  • Winks, Robin W. (1996). Cloak & Gown: Scholars in the Secret War, 1939–1961. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-30006-524-4. 
  • Zentner, Christian; Bedürftig, Friedemann (1991). The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich. (2 vols.) New York: MacMillan Publishing. ISBN 978-0-02-897500-9. 

Pranala luar

  • German Espionage and Sabotage Against the USA in WW2 at ibiblio.org. Includes details on structure of Abwehr.
  • Gross, Kuno, Michael Rolke & András Zboray, Operation SALAM – László Almásy's most daring Mission in the Desert War, Belleville, München, 2013
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