Sodium cyclopentadienide
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The cyclopentadienide anion | |||
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Preferred IUPAC name Sodium cyclopentadienide | |||
Other names Sodium cyclopentadienylide, Cyclopentadienylsodium | |||
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ECHA InfoCard | 100.023.306 | ||
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Properties | |||
Chemical formula | C5H5Na | ||
Molar mass | 88.085 g·mol−1 | ||
Appearance | colorless solid | ||
Density | 1.113 g/cm3 | ||
Solubility in water | decomposition | ||
Solubility | THF | ||
Hazards | |||
Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH): | |||
Main hazards | flammable | ||
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). Y verify (what is YN ?) Infobox references |
Sodium cyclopentadienide is an organosodium compound with the formula C5H5Na. The compound is often abbreviated as NaCp, where Cp− is the cyclopentadienide anion.[1] Sodium cyclopentadienide is a colorless solid, although samples often are pink owing to traces of oxidized impurities.[2]
Preparation
Sodium cyclopentadienide is commercially available as a solution in THF. It is prepared by treating cyclopentadiene with sodium:[3]
- 2 Na + 2 C5H6 → 2 NaC5H5 + H2
The conversion can be conducted by heating a suspension of molten sodium in dicyclopentadiene.[2] In former times, the sodium was provided in the form of "sodium wire" or "sodium sand", a fine dispersion of sodium prepared by melting sodium in refluxing xylene and rapidly stirring.[4][5] Sodium hydride is a convenient base:[6]
- NaH + 2 C5H6 → NaC5H5 + H2
In early work, Grignard reagents were used as bases. With a pKa of 15, cyclopentadiene can be deprotonated by many reagents.
Applications
Sodium cyclopentadienide is a common reagent for the preparation of metallocenes. For example, the preparation of ferrocene[4] and zirconocene dichloride:[7]
- 2 NaC5H5 + FeCl2 → Fe(C5H5)2 + 2 NaCl
- ZrCl4(thf)2 + 2 NaCp → (C5H5)2ZrCl2 + 2 NaCl + 2 THF
Sodium cyclopentadienide is also used for the preparation of substituted cyclopentadienyl derivatives such as the ester and formyl derivatives:[8]
- NaC5H5 + O=C(OEt)2 → NaC5H4CO2Et + NaOEt
These compounds are used to prepare substituted metallocenes such as 1,1'-ferrocenedicarboxylic acid.[9]
Structure
The nature of NaCp depends strongly on its medium and for the purposes of planning syntheses; the reagent is often represented as a salt Na+
C
5H−
5. Crystalline solvent-free NaCp, which is rarely encountered, is a "polydecker" sandwich complex, consisting of an infinite chain of alternating Na+ centers sandwiched between μ-η5:η5-C5H5 ligands.[10] As a solution in donor solvents, NaCp is highly solvated, especially at the alkali metal as suggested by the isolability of the adduct Na(tmeda)Cp.[11]
In contrast to alkali metal cyclopentadienides, tetrabutylammonium cyclopentadienide (Bu4N+C5H5−) was found to be supported entirely by ionic bonding and its structure is representative of the structure of the cyclopentadienide anion (C5H5−, Cp−) in the solid state. However, the anion deviates somewhat from a planar, regular pentagon, with C–C bond lengths ranging from 138.0 -140.1 pm and C–C–C bond angles ranging from 107.5-108.8°.[12]
See also
References
- ^ International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (2005). Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry (IUPAC Recommendations 2005). Cambridge (UK): RSC–IUPAC. ISBN 0-85404-438-8. p. 262. Electronic version.
- ^ a b Tarun K. Panda, Michael T. Gamer, Peter W. Roesky "An Improved Synthesis of Sodium and Potassium Cyclopentadienide" Organometallics, 2003, 22, 877–878.doi:10.1021/om0207865
- ^ Cotton, F. Albert; Wilkinson, Geoffrey (1988), Advanced Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.), New York: Wiley-Interscience, p. 139, ISBN 0-471-84997-9
- ^ a b Wilkinson, Geoffrey (1963). "Ferrocene". Organic Syntheses; Collected Volumes, vol. 4, p. 473.
- ^ Partridge, John J.; Chadha, Naresh K.; Uskokovic, Milan R. (1990). "An asymmetric hydroboration of 5-substituted cyclopentadienes: synthesis of methyl (1R,5R)-5-hydroxy-2-cyclopentene-1-acetate". Organic Syntheses
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link); Collected Volumes, vol. 7, p. 339. - ^ Girolami, G. S.; Rauchfuss, T. B. & Angelici, R. J. (1999). Synthesis and Technique in Inorganic Chemistry. CA: University Science Books: Mill Valley. ISBN 0935702482.
- ^ Wilkinson, G.; Birmingham, J. G. (1954). "Bis-cyclopentadienyl Compounds of Ti, Zr, V, Nb and Ta". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 76 (17): 4281–84. doi:10.1021/ja01646a008.
- ^ Macomber, D. W.; Hart, W. P.; Rausch, M. D. (1982). "Functionally Substituted Cyclopentadienyl Metal Compounds". Adv. Organomet. Chem. Advances in Organometallic Chemistry. 21: 1–55. doi:10.1016/S0065-3055(08)60377-9. ISBN 9780120311217.
- ^ Petrov, Alex R.; Jess, Kristof; Freytag, Matthias; Jones, Peter G.; Tamm, Matthias (2013). "Large-Scale Preparation of 1,1′-Ferrocenedicarboxylic Acid, a Key Compound for the Synthesis of 1,1′-Disubstituted Ferrocene Derivatives". Organometallics. 32 (20): 5946–5954. doi:10.1021/om4004972.
- ^ Robert E. Dinnebier; Ulrich Behrens & Falk Olbrich (1997). "Solid State Structures of Cyclopentadienyllithium, -sodium, and -potassium. Determination by High-Resolution Powder Diffraction". Organometallics. 16 (17): 3855–3858. doi:10.1021/om9700122.
- ^ Elschenbroich, C. (2006). Organometallics. Wiley-VCH: Weinheim. ISBN 978-3-527-29390-2.
- ^ Reetz, Manfred T.; Hütte, Stephan; Goddard, Richard (1995-03-01). "Tetrabutylammonium Salts of 2-Nitropropane, Cyclopentadiene and 9-Ethylfluorene: Crystal Structures and Use in Anionic Polymerization". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B. 50 (3): 415–422. doi:10.1515/znb-1995-0316. ISSN 1865-7117. S2CID 45791403.
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CpH | He | ||||||||||||||||||||
LiCp | Be | B | CpMe | N | C5H4O | F | Ne | ||||||||||||||
NaCp | MgCp2 | Al | Si | P | S | Cl | Ar | ||||||||||||||
K | CaCp2 | ScCp3 | TiCp2Cl2 (TiCp2Cl)2 | VCp2 VCpCh | CrCp2 (CrCp(CO)3)2 | MnCp2 | FeCp2 Fe(η5-C5H4Li)2 | CoCp2 CoCp(CO)2 | NiCp2 | Cu | Zn | Ga | Ge | As | Se | Br | Kr | ||||
Rb | Sr | Y(C5H5)3 | ZrCp2Cl2 ZrCp2ClH | NbCp2Cl2 | MoCp2H2 MoCp2Cl2 | Tc | RuCp2 RuCp(PPh3)2Cl | RhCp2 | PdCp(C3H5) | Ag | Cd | InCp | SnCp2 | Sb | Te | I | Xe | ||||
Cs | Ba | * | LuCp3 | HfCp2Cl2 | Ta | (WCp(CO)3)2 | ReCp2H | OsCp2 | IrCp2 | Pt | Au | Hg | TlCp | PbCp2 | Bi | Po | At | Rn | |||
Fr | Ra | ** | Lr | Rf | Db | Sg | Bh | HsCp2 | Mt | Ds | Rg | Cn | Nh | Fl | Mc | Lv | Ts | Og | |||
* | LaCp3 | CeCp3 | PrCp3 | NdCp3 | PmCp3 | SmCp3 | Eu | Gd | Tb | DyCp3 | Ho | ErCp3 | TmCp3 | YbCp3 | |||||||
** | Ac | ThCp3 ThCp4 | Pa | UCp4 | Np | Pu | Am | Cm | Bk | Cf | Es | Fm | Md | No |