Separable partial differential equation

A separable partial differential equation can be broken into a set of equations of lower dimensionality (fewer independent variables) by a method of separation of variables. It generally relies upon the problem having some special form or symmetry. In this way, the partial differential equation (PDE) can be solved by solving a set of simpler PDEs, or even ordinary differential equations (ODEs) if the problem can be broken down into one-dimensional equations.

The most common form of separation of variables is simple separation of variables. A solution is obtained by assuming a solution of the form given by a product of functions of each individual coordinate. There is a special form of separation of variables called ${\displaystyle R}$-separation of variables which is accomplished by writing the solution as a particular fixed function of the coordinates multiplied by a product of functions of each individual coordinate. Laplace's equation on ${\displaystyle {\mathbb {R} }^{n}}$ is an example of a partial differential equation that admits solutions through ${\displaystyle R}$-separation of variables; in the three-dimensional case this uses 6-sphere coordinates.

(This should not be confused with the case of a separable ODE, which refers to a somewhat different class of problems that can be broken into a pair of integrals; see separation of variables.)

Example

For example, consider the time-independent Schrödinger equation

${\displaystyle [-\nabla ^{2}+V(\mathbf {x} )]\psi (\mathbf {x} )=E\psi (\mathbf {x} )}$

for the function ${\displaystyle \psi (\mathbf {x} )}$ (in dimensionless units, for simplicity). (Equivalently, consider the inhomogeneous Helmholtz equation.) If the function ${\displaystyle V(\mathbf {x} )}$ in three dimensions is of the form

${\displaystyle V(x_{1},x_{2},x_{3})=V_{1}(x_{1})+V_{2}(x_{2})+V_{3}(x_{3}),}$

then it turns out that the problem can be separated into three one-dimensional ODEs for functions ${\displaystyle \psi _{1}(x_{1})}$, ${\displaystyle \psi _{2}(x_{2})}$, and ${\displaystyle \psi _{3}(x_{3})}$, and the final solution can be written as ${\displaystyle \psi (\mathbf {x} )=\psi _{1}(x_{1})\cdot \psi _{2}(x_{2})\cdot \psi _{3}(x_{3})}$. (More generally, the separable cases of the Schrödinger equation were enumerated by Eisenhart in 1948.^[1])

References