Nuala O'Donnell

Irish noblewoman

Nuala O'Donnell
Nuala Ní Dhomhnaill
Bornc. 1576
Tyrconnell, Ulster, Ireland
Diedc. 1630
Leuven, Belgium
BuriedSt Anthony's College, Leuven
Noble familyO'Donnell dynasty
Spouse(s)Niall Garve O'Donnell
IssueNaghtan (fl. 1608)
Grania (fl. 1607 - 1617)
FatherHugh McManus O'Donnell
MotherIníon Dubh

Nuala O'Donnell (Irish: Nuala Ní Dhomhnaill; c. 1576 - c. 1630) was an Irish noblewoman of the O'Donnell dynasty who took part in the Flight of the Earls.[1] She was known as "the Lady of the Piercing Wail".[2][3]

After the death of her sibling Rory, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell, she became the key representative of the O'Donnell clan. During her time in Continental Europe, she petitioned both Philip III of Spain and James I of England to assist the O'Donnells. She died circa 1630, presumably in Leuven, where she is interred.

Early life

Born in sixteenth-century Tyrconnell, Nuala was the daughter of Sir Hugh McManus O'Donnell, Gaelic Lord of Tyrconnell and Chief of the Name of Clan O'Donnell, and his Scottish wife Iníon Dubh.[4][5]

Historian Jerrold Casway estimates Nuala's birth year as c. 1575.[4][5] Similarly, historian Helena Concannon reasoned that "Nuala was already married to Niall Garbh in 1592. This will place her birth-year with some degree of probability about 1577 — not later."[6]

Based on Nuala's intellect and her later affiliations with the Franciscans, it is likely they were responsible for her education.[4]

Her father's other children include Donnell, Hugh Roe,[7] Rory, Manus,[6] Mary[8] and Cathbarr.[6] She was also a sister-in-law of Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone due to his marriage with her elder half-sister Siobhán.[9][6]

Clan politics

Much of her family became engulfed in the violent O'Donnell succession dispute of the 1580s and 1590s, as various claimants attempted to secure the right to succeed her father as clan chief. In 1590, her elder half-brother Donnell was killed in battle by Scottish redshank mercenaries hired by Iníon Dubh, allowing her brother Hugh Roe to emerge victorious by 1592.[10]

In 1591, Nuala made a dynastic marriage with Niall Garve O'Donnell, her cousin and a rival claimant to the O'Donnell lordship.[4][11] Niall had failed in his ambitions to succeed Sir Hugh as chief, and this marriage was the family's attempt to temper his hostility and reconcile with Niall.[12]

However Niall, along with three of his brothers and many followers, dramatically switched sides and began assisting Crown forces under the English commander Sir Henry Docwra who were operating out of Derry.[2] He led forces during the Crown victories at the Battle of Lifford and Siege of Donegal, and had troops of the Royal Irish Army placed under his command. Niall's ambition was to depose Hugh Roe and have himself declared the Lord of Tyrconnell.[citation needed]

When Nuala heard of her husband's defection, Nuala left him and returned to live with her brother Hugh Roe, taking some of her children with her. In a furious reaction to Niall's betrayal, Hugh Roe is alleged by Dowcra to have beat Nuala's four year old son (and his own nephew) to death against a post.[13][2] Nuala would have been expected, if this were true, to launch a blood feud against her brother, bur she instead divorced Niall Garbh in 1600.[14][4][11] Following Hugh Roe's death in 1602, she joined the household of his successor Rory, who was made Earl of Tyrconnell.[4][15]

Flight of the Earls

In 1607, Nuala O'Donnell fled Ireland with several Gaelic nobles, led by Hugh O'Neill and Rory O'Donnell, as refugees into Catholic Europe.[14][4] She was the eldest of the noble women who fled, and she took with her one "dama" (lady-in-waiting) and one criada (maidservant).

According to Casway, "she was the only woman born to either of the two ruling northern families and was a decade older than the other noble ladies. It is also conceivable that only Nuala had the opportunity to decide for herself whether to participate in the Flight of the Earls. Had the other women resisted or remained in Ulster, they faced the certain prospect of estrangement, deprivation, and possible captivity—not to mention separation from their children and a loss of status. Though these women became dependent on foreign pensions and the good will of their reluctant hosts, those who stayed behind barely survived on remnants of their former estates."[14]

Nuala and her sister-in-law Rosa (Cathbarr's wife) became responsible for Rory's son Hugh Albert[4] - whose mother had remained behind in Ireland[15] - and Cathbarr's son Hugh. The nobles stopped in Leuven, where both boys were left under the care of the Franciscans.[4][16] Scholar Eleanor Hull claims Nuala was left behind in Leuven,[17] though Casway believes she continued to Rome.[4]

The exiled nobles were granted asylum by Pope Paul V. However, their small pension and sparsely furnished residences made their living conditions unpleasant.[4] In 1608, both Rory and Cathbarr died in Rome from a fever, leaving Nuala as the key representative of the O'Donnell clan.[4][16]

Life in Continental Europe

The Spanish ambassador petitioned Philip III of Spain to grant Nuala her late brothers' pension. He also pleaded for both women to be allowed to return to Flanders, where they could care for the young O'Donnell heirs. Philip had no issue with Nuala's pension, but he did not want to raise tensions with England by allowing the exiled nobles to travel freely. However, Nuala was not deterred, and she implored the King to reconsider, complaining about Rome's climate.[4]

On 26 August 1610, Philip III gave in and allowed Nuala to go to Flanders. Nuala received 300 crowns for expenses, and her pension was diverted to a secret fund for the Spanish Netherlands’ army.[4] In the words of Philip III, the pension was to be paid "as long as she may live or as long as I may wish".[18]

In October 1610, her two nephews were removed from the Dame Blanches Convent by Irish clergyman Hugh MacCaghwell and sheltered at St Anthony's College, Leuven.[16]

Sometime later, Nuala and Rosa were finally permitted to leave Rome for Flanders, and were supported by the new Catholic Archbishop of Tuam, Florence Conroy. Since her nephew's fathers had unexpectedly died leaving no adult patriach to the O'Donnell family, the well-being of the boys had become paramount to the Catholics.[16] During their journey Nuala and Rosa were accompanied by Catholic Archbishop of Dublin Eugene Matthews, and in Flanders she was reunited with her two nephews.[4][16]

In March 1614, Nuala secretly traveled to Brussels for a meeting with English diplomat William Trumbull. He offered to withdraw the young Hugh Albert from Flanders, claiming that MacCaghwell was actually a loyalist who supported King James I. In response, Nuala asked for James I's "grace and pardon" and for "the restoring of [Rory O'Donnell's] lands". Trumbull gave no guarantee of the king's favour - due to the past conflicts between the O'Donnells and the English - and suggested Nuala travel to England with Hugh Albert to plead for "bounty and clemency" from the King. Unfortunately for Nuala, she could not be granted safe passage back to the British Isles, and her proposals were in vain.[4]

Her secret pension suffered "ever-threatening cuts", though she managed to prevent it from being depleted. As Hugh Albert matured, he took over leadership of the O'Donnell clan. At one point she called on Florence Conroy to vouch for her.[4]

Death and legacy

Nuala O'Donnell died circa 1630[4][5] and was interred in the chapel of St Anthony's College, Leuven, Belgium.[4][19] She never returned to Ireland.[20]

The topic of Nuala's children is unclear. Her daughter with Niall, Grania, had accompanied her into Italian exile.[21][22] Niall Garve O'Donnell had a son, Naghtan (fl. 1608), who was imprisoned in the Tower of London. He may also be Nuala's son.[23][24][22] According to some sources, Nuala's four-year-old son was killed by Hugh Roe around 1600.[2] Conversely, Casway believes Nuala and Niall had no children.[4]

Nuala O'Donnell is referenced in several poems. Her colleage Owen Roe MacWard wrote a poem describing her mourning at the graves of her late brothers.[25][26] James Clarence Mangan's 19th-century elegy, Lament for the Princes of Tyrone and Tyrconnell (Buried in Rome), references Nuala. It begins:

O Woman of the Piercing Wail,
Who mournest o'er yon mound of clay
With sigh and groan,
Would God thou wert among the Gael!
Thou wouldst not then from day to day
Weep thus alone.
'Twere long before, around a grave
In green Tirconnell, one could find
This loneliness;
Near where Beann-Boirche's banners wave
Such grief as thine could ne'er have pined
Companionless.[3]

Family tree

  • v
  • t
  • e
O'Donnell family tree

Issue of Hugh McManus O'Donnell (Aodh mac Maghnusa Ó Domhnaill; c. 1520 - 1600)[i]

First marriage: (Unknown woman)

  • Duncan "Scaite" O'Donnell (Donnchadh Ó Domhnaill)[ii]
  • Rory O'Donnell (Ruaidhri Ó Domhnaill)
    • Died 1575

Second marriage, c. 1569: Fiona MacDonald (Fionnghuala Nic Dhomhnaill, also known as Iníon Dubh; fl. 1567–1611), daughter of James MacDonald, 6th of Dunnyveg and Agnes Campbell.[xxiii][viii]

  • Manus O'Donnell (Maghnus Ó Domhnaill)
  • Margaret O'Donnell (Mairghead Ní Domhnaill)
    • fl. 1608, possibly died 1662
  • Gráinne O'Donnell (Gráinne Ní Domhnaill)[liii]

Notes

  1. ^ There is debate on the identity of her mother. Concannon believes Siobhán was born c. 1569, and that her mother was Iníon Dubh,[vi] who married Sir Hugh around that time. However, Siobhán married Hugh O'Neill in 1574, making that date of birth unlikely. Casway and Walsh believe Siobhán's mother was Sir Hugh's first wife.[vii][viii]
  2. ^ In a letter dated 31 January 1591, O'Neill references Siobhán's recent death.[viii]
  3. ^ Her death date has alternately been given as 1639, 26 April 1640, or sometime after 31 March 1642.[viii]
  4. ^ Walsh believes her birth date was c. 1588.[viii]
  5. ^ Sources disagree on Henry's date of death: 1610,[vii] c. 1620,[xxii] or c. 1626.[xi] It is clear that he died sometime before the publication of Philip O'Sullevan's Historia Catholica in 1621.[viii]
  6. ^ Some modern news sources have given his birthdate as 30 October 1572.

References

  1. ^ O'Byrne, Emmett (October 2009). "O'Donnell (Ó Domhnaill), Sir Aodh mac Maghnusa". Dictionary of Irish Biography. doi:10.3318/dib.006332.v1.
  2. ^ The historicity of this person is disputed; Ó Domhnaill, Niall; Na Glúnta Rosannacha (1952), page 87
  3. ^ Annals of the Four Masters: "1590: ...the son of O'Donnell himself, who, being unable to display prowess or defend himself, was slain at Doire-leathan, on one side of the harbour of Telinn, on the 14th of September."
  4. ^ Morgan, Hiram (1993). Tyrone's Rebellion : the outbreak of the Nine Years War in Tudor Ireland. Internet Archive. [London] : Royal Historical Society ; Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK ; Rochester, NY, USA : Boydell Press. p. 107. ISBN 978-0-86193-224-5.
  5. ^ Hegarty, Roddy. Imeacht Na nIarlí: The Flight of the Earls: 1607 - 2007 (PDF). Retrieved 24 April 2024.
  6. ^ a b Concannon, p. 218-219 "Siobhan was probably the eldest of the family, and must have been born not later than 1569." "We know little of Siobhan, who can hardly have been more than one-and- twenty, when she died in 1590."
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Casway 2016
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Walsh, Paul (1930). Walsh, Paul (ed.). THE WILL AND FAMILY OF HUGH O NEILL, EARL OF TYRONE [WITH AN APPENDIX OF GENEALOGIES] (PDF). Dublin: Sign of the Three Candles.
  9. ^ a b Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2004, p. 511-512
  10. ^ O'Byrne, Emmett; Clarke, Aidan; Barry, Judy (October 2009). "Bagenal (O'Neill), Mabel". Dictionary of Irish Biography. doi:10.3318/dib.006953.v1. Retrieved 3 May 2024.
  11. ^ a b c d e Lee 1895, p. 196
  12. ^ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2004, p. 839
  13. ^ Morgan, Hiram (September 2014). "O'Neill, Hugh". Dictionary of Irish Biography. doi:10.3318/dib.006962.v1. Retrieved 3 May 2024.
  14. ^ Mosley, Charles, editor. Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage, 107th edition, 3 volumes. Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd, 2003.
  15. ^ a b Hill 1873. "Sir Randal Macdonnell was married about the year 1604 to Ellis or Alice O'Neill, the third daughter of Hugh earl of Tyrone. This lady, who was born in 1583, was in her twenty-first year at the time of her marriage, and was younger than either of her sisters, lady Macmahon or Lady Maginnis. She was older than her brother Hugh, the baron of Dungannon."
  16. ^ Cokayne 1910. "[The 1st Earl of Antrim] m., 1604, Alice, da. of Hugh (O'Neill), Earl of Tyrone [I], by his 2nd wife, Joanna, da. of Hugh McManus O'Donnell."
  17. ^ Ohlmeyer, Jane H (2001) [1993]. Civil War and Restoration in the Three Stuart Kingdoms: The Career of Randal MacDonnell, Marquis of Antrim. Dublin: Four Courts Press. p. 359. ISBN 978-0521419789.
  18. ^ Cokayne 1910. "[The 1st Earl of Antrim] m., 1604, Alice, da. of Hugh (O'Neill), Earl of Tyrone [I], by his 2nd wife, Joanna, da. of Hugh McManus O'Donnell."
  19. ^ Ohlmeyer, Jane H (2001) [1993]. Civil War and Restoration in the Three Stuart Kingdoms: The Career of Randal MacDonnell, Marquis of Antrim. Dublin: Four Courts Press. p. 359. ISBN 978-0521419789.
  20. ^ Concannon, p. 218 "The inscription on the tomb in San Pietro in Montorio shows that her eldest child, Hugh, was born in 1585."
  21. ^ Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland 1867, p. 459: "..he died unmarried on the 23rd of September, 1609, aged twenty-four... and was buried in the church of St. Peter's in Montorio..."
  22. ^ a b Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland 1867, p. 459
  23. ^ O'Byrne, Emmett (2009). "MacDonnell (Nic Dhomhnaill), Fiona (Fionnghuala) ('Iníon Dubh')". Dictionary of Irish Biography. doi:10.3318/dib.006337.v1.
  24. ^ a b c Morgan, Hiram (October 2009). "O'Donnell, 'Red' Hugh (Ó Domhnaill, Aodh Ruadh)". Dictionary of Irish Biography. doi:10.3318/dib.006343.v1.
  25. ^ a b Concannon, p. 218
  26. ^ Donegal County Archives. The Flight of the Earls: Document Study Pack.
  27. ^ Annals of the Four Masters: "1602:...O'Donnell should take the disease of his death and the sickness of his dissolution; and, after lying seventeen days on the bed, he died, on the 10th of September, in the house which the King of Spain himself had at that town (Simancas)...""
  28. ^ a b c Bagwell 1895
  29. ^ a b c O'Byrne, Emmett (October 2009). "O'Donnell (Ó Domhnall), Ruaidhrí". Dictionary of Irish Biography. doi:10.3318/dib.006701.v1. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
  30. ^ a b c Webb, Alfred (1878). "Rury O'Donnell". A Compendium of Irish Biography.
  31. ^ a b Silke 2006 "Hugh Albert O'Donnell, born [to Rory and Bridget] about October 1606, was the only son of this marriage, Mary Stuart O'Donnell being born about a year later."
  32. ^ Bagwell 1895 "About ninety persons sailed with the earls, among whom were Tyrconnel's son Hugh, aged eleven months..."
  33. ^ Ulwencreutz, Lars (2013), Ulwencreutz's The Royal Families in Europe V, Lulu.com, p. 136, ISBN 978-1-304-58135-8 "Hugh O'Donnell, 2nd Earl of Tyrconnell (1606-1642) Prince and Lord of Tryconnell".
  34. ^ "O'Donnell, Lady Mary Stuart (b. 1607?, d. in or after 1639), noblewoman". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/20557. Retrieved 24 April 2024. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  35. ^ Casway 2009. Casway gives her birthdate as c. 1575
  36. ^ Concannon, p. 218 "O'Clery tells us that Nuala was already married to Niall Garbh in 1592. This will place her birth-year with some degree of probability about 1577 — not later."
  37. ^ Casway, Jerrold (July 2007). "Women in Flight". History Ireland. 15 (4). Retrieved 18 April 2024.
  38. ^ a b c Casway 2009
  39. ^ O'Sullivan Beare 2008. Philip O'Sullivan Beare notes that Manus's death (October 1600) occurred shortly after Nuala and Niall separated.
  40. ^ a b Dunlop, Robert. "O'Donnell, Niall Garv". Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900. 41.
  41. ^ Hill, George. Historical account of the Macdonnells of Antrim. p. 221. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
  42. ^ Annals of the Four Masters: "1608: Niall Garv O'Donnell, with his brothers Hugh Boy and Donnell, and his son, Naghtan, were taken prisoners about the festival of St. John in this year."
  43. ^ McGurk, John (August 2007). "The Flight of the Earls: escape or strategic regrouping?". History Ireland. 15 (4).
  44. ^ According to the English officials who wrote the Calendar of State Papers, Hugh Roe personally killed Niall Garve's four-year-old son (also his own nephew)
  45. ^ "O'Donnell". 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica. 20. 1911.
  46. ^ Concannon, p. 218 "Manus may have been born about 1579 or 1580. He was old enough to play a man's part in the battle in which he met his death at the hands of Niall Garbh (A.D. 1600)" Lughaidh Ó Cléirigh names the sons in the order of their birth: Hugh Roe, Ruairi, Manus and Cathbar.
  47. ^ Concannon, p. 232
  48. ^ a b c Clavin, Terry (October 2009). "O'Cahan, Sir Donnell Ballach". Dictionary of Irish Biography. doi:10.3318/dib.006536.v1. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
  49. ^ Pollard, Albert Frederick. "O'Cahan, Donnell Ballagh". Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900. 41.
  50. ^ a b Gallogy, Dan (1963). "Brian Oge O'Rourke and the Nine Years War". Breifne Journal. 2: 194–195.
  51. ^ a b c d e Darren, McGettigan (October 2009). "O'Donnell, Caffar". Dictionary of Irish Biography. doi:10.3318/dib.002288.v1.
  52. ^ Annals of the Four Masters: "[Flight of the Earls, September] 1607: ...Rose, the daughter of O'Doherty, and wife of Caffar, with her son, Hugh, aged two years and three months..."
  53. ^ O'Donnell, Eunan; Reflection on the Flight of the Earls; Donegal Annual, Bliainiris Dhún na nGall, Journal of the County Donegal Historical Society, No. 58 (2006); pp. 31-44. Gráinne is known only as a sister of the Earl (i.e., Rory), with no additional information.

Bibliography

  • Bagwell, Richard (1895). "O'Donnell, Rory" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 41. pp. 444–447.
  • Casway, Jerrold (2009). "O'Donnell, Nuala". Dictionary of Irish Biography. doi:10.3318/dib.006696.v1. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
  • Casway, Jerrold (2016). "Catherine Magennis and the Wives of Hugh O'Neill". Seanchas Ardmhacha: Journal of the Armagh Diocesan Historical Society. 26 (1): 69–79. JSTOR 48568219.
  • Cokayne, George Edward (1910). The Hon. Vicary Gibbs (ed.). The complete peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain, and the United Kingdom : extant, extinct, or dormant. The St. Catherine Press Ltd. p. 174.
  • Concannon, Helena (1920). "'The Woman of the Piercing Wail' (The Lady Nuala O'Donnell)". The Irish ecclesiastical record. 16. Dublin: John F. Fowler.
  • Dunlop, Robert (1895). "O'Neill, Hugh, third Baron of Dungannon and second Earl of Tyrone 1540?–1616". In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. XLII. New York: MacMillan and Co. pp. 188–196. OCLC 8544105.
  • Hill, George (1873). An historical account of the Macdonnells of Antrim: including notices of some other septs Irish and Scotch. Belfast: Archer & Sons. p. 222.
  • Matthew, H. C. G.; Harrison, Brian, eds. (2004). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: in association with the British Academy: from the earliest times to the year 2000. Vol. 41. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-861411-1.
  • O'Sullivan Beare, Philip (2008). Chapters towards a History of Ireland in the reign of Elizabeth. Translated by Byrne, Matthew J. CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts.
  • Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland (1867). "PROCEEDINGS AND PAPERS". Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland. 5: 459.
  • Silke, John J. (May 2006). "O'Donnell, Rury , styled first earl of Tyrconnell (1574/5–1608)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/20559. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)


References

  1. ^ Swords 2007, p. 14.
  2. ^ a b c d McGurk, John (August 2007). "The Flight of the Earls: escape or strategic regrouping?". History Ireland. 15 (4).
  3. ^ a b Mangan, James. "Lament for the Princes of Tyrone and Tyrconnell (Buried in Rome)". celt.ucc.ie. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Casway, Jerrold (2009). "O'Donnell, Nuala". Dictionary of Irish Biography. doi:10.3318/dib.006696.v1. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
  5. ^ a b c Casway, Jerrold (July 2007). "Women in Flight". History Ireland. 15 (4). Retrieved 18 April 2024.
  6. ^ a b c d Concannon, H. (1920). "'The Woman of the Piercing Wail' (The Lady Nuala O'Donnell)". The Irish ecclesiastical record. 16. Dublin: John F. Fowler.
  7. ^ O'Byrne, Emmett (2009). "O'Donnell (Ó Domhnaill), Sir Aodh mac Maghnusa". Dictionary of Irish Biography. doi:10.3318/dib.006332.v1. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
  8. ^ Clavin, Terry (October 2009). "O'Cahan, Sir Donnell Ballach". Dictionary of Irish Biography. doi:10.3318/dib.006536.v1. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
  9. ^ Canny, Nicholas (2004). "O'Neill, Hugh [Aodh O'Neill], second earl of Tyrone (1583–1616)". In Matthew, Colin; Harrison, Brian (eds.). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 41. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 837–845. ISBN 0-19-861391-1.
  10. ^ Morgan 1999, p. 130.
  11. ^ a b Ó Cianáin, Tadhg (1916). THE FLIGHT OF THE EARLS (PDF). Dublin: M. H. Gill & Son. p. 17.
  12. ^ Clavin, Terry (October 2009). "O'Donnell, Sir Niall Garvach". Dictionary of Irish Biography. doi:10.3318/dib.006345.v1. Retrieved 18 May 2024.
  13. ^ McGurk 2006, p. 93–95.
  14. ^ a b c Casway, Jerrold (2003). "Heroines or Victims? The Women of the Flight of the Earls". New Hibernia Review / Iris Éireannach Nua. 7 (1): 56–74. ISSN 1092-3977. JSTOR 20557855.
  15. ^ a b O'Byrne, Emmett (2009). "O'Donnell (Ó Domhnall), Ruaidhrí". Dictionary of Irish Biography. doi:10.3318/dib.006701.v1.
  16. ^ a b c d e Casway, Jerrold (2011). "Florence Conry, the Flight of the Earls, and Native-Catholic Militancy". New Hibernia Review / Iris Éireannach Nua. 15 (3): 111–125. ISSN 1092-3977. JSTOR 23068131.
  17. ^ Hull, Eleanor (1931). "The Flight of the Earls and the End of Mediæval Ireland". A History of Ireland and Her People.
  18. ^ Philip III to Archduke, 20 Nov. 1610; quoted in Micheline Kerney Walsh, ‘Destruction by peace’: Hugh O'Neill after Kinsale (1986), page 280
  19. ^ Hegarty, Roddy. THE FLIGHT OF THE EARLS DOCUMENT STUDY PACK (PDF). Donegal County Council.
  20. ^ "FLIGHT OF THE EARLS" (PDF).
  21. ^ McNeill, Ronald John (1911). "O'Donnell" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). pp. 6–8.
  22. ^ a b Dunlop, Robert (1895). "O'Donnell, Niall Garv" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 41. pp. 443–444.
  23. ^ Hill, George. Historical account of the Macdonnells of Antrim. p. 221. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
  24. ^ Annals of the Four Masters: "1608: Niall Garv O'Donnell, with his brothers Hugh Boy and Donnell, and his son, Naghtan, were taken prisoners about the festival of St. John in this year."
  25. ^ Caball, Marc (2009). "Mac an Bhaird, Eoghan Ruadh". Dictionary of Irish Biography.
  26. ^ O'Hart, John (1892). "The "Flight of the Earls"". Irish Pedigrees; or the Origin and Stem of the Irish Nation. 2 (5 ed.).

Bibliography

  • McGurk, John (2006). Sir Henry Docwra, 1564-1631: Derry's Second Founder. Four Courts Press.
  • Morgan, Hiram (1999). Tyrone's Rebellion. Boydell Press.
  • O’Donnell, Francis Martin (2018), The O'Donnells of Tyrconnell – A Hidden Legacy, Washington, D.C.: Academica Press LLC, ISBN 978-1-680534740
  • Swords, Liam (2007). The Flight of the Earls: A Popular History. Columba.

External links

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