List of African American newspapers in North Carolina

Inaugural issue of the Raleigh Journal of Industry in 1879.

This is a list of African American newspapers that have been published in North Carolina. It includes both current and historical newspapers. The first such newspaper in North Carolina was the Journal of Freedom of Raleigh, which published its first issue on September 30, 1865.[1] The African American press in North Carolina has historically been centered on a few large cities such as Raleigh, Durham, and Greensboro.[2]

Newspapers

City Title Beginning End Frequency Call numbers Remarks


Asheville The Asheville Advocate 1987[3] ? Weekly[3] or biweekly[4]
  • LCCN sn97064608
  • OCLC 38532791, 26377080
  • Published by Clarence Benton. Edited by Angelyn Benton and Tony Brown.[3]
  • Extant through at least 1992.[3]
Asheville The Church Advocate 1943[6] 1940s[5] Unknown[6]
  • LCCN sn98058952
  • OCLC 38214827
  • Edited by E.W. Dixon.[5]
Asheville Freedom's Advocate 1879[1] Weekly[1]
Asheville The Southern News 1936[8] or 1938[7] 1974[7] Weekly[7] or monthly[8]
  • LCCN sn98058951
  • OCLC 41242346
  • Published by Eugene Smith.[7]
Asheville The Southland Advocate 1942[9] ?[9] Weekly[9]
  • LCCN sn98058953
  • OCLC 38214859
  • Published by F.D. Fitzgerald Home.[9]
  • Attested from at least 1950.[10]
Asheville West Asheville News 1942?[11] ?[11] Weekly[11]
  • LCCN sn91068042
  • OCLC 609WESTVIRGINIADIGEST23986937
  • Published by Walter A. Ward.[11]
Chapel Hill Black Ink : Black Student Movement, University Of North Carolina At Chapel Hill 1969[13] 2000s[12] Frequency varies[13]
  • LCCN 2015236558
  • OCLC 756860265
  • Billed as the "Black Student Movement official newspaper".[13]
Chapel Hill
  • The Protean Radish
  • Radish (1968–1969)[15]
 1968[15] 1970s[14] Weekly[14]
  • LCCN sn93065769
  • OCLC 17736505
  • Radish:
    • LCCN sn93065768
    • OCLC 20838455
Wilmington / Charlotte (1897–)[17] Africo-American Presbyterian 1879[16] 1939[16] or 1938[17] Weekly[16]
  • LCCN sn84025826
  • OCLC 10354392
Charlotte Messenger 1882[18]
  • Edited by William Caswell Smith until 1890, and then by A.M. Houston.[18]
Charlotte The Metrolinian 1971[19] 1900s[19] Weekly[19]
  • LCCN sn99061509
  • OCLC 38214772
Charlotte The Charlotte Post 1918[20] current Weekly[21]
  • LCCN sn88063138
  • OCLC 17635192, 21337679
  • Official site
  • Published by Gerald O. Johnson.[21]
Charlotte The Queen City Gazette 1963?[23] 1900s[22] Weekly[23]
  • LCCN sn99061510
  • OCLC 38214729
Charlotte[25] The Weekly Journal 1978[25] 1900s[24] Weekly[25]
  • LCCN sn99061508
  • OCLC 38214893
  • Edited by Carnell Midgett.[24]
Concord[27] Twin-City Weekly 1972[27] 1900s[26] Weekly[27]
  • LCCN sn99061511
  • OCLC 38214687
Durham
1919[28] current Weekly[28]
  • LCCN sn83045120
  • OCLC 2259007
  • Founded by Louis E. Austin.[30]
  • Known for its outspoken stance against racial injustice and the Ku Klux Klan.[30]
Durham The Triangle Tribune 1998[31] current Weekly[31]
  • LCCN sn98058877
  • OCLC 40565647
  • Official site
Fayetteville The Fayetteville Black Times 1981?[32] ?[32] Weekly[32]
  • Attested through at least 1986.[32]
Fayetteville The Challenger 1987?[34] 1900s[33] Weekly[34]
  • LCCN sn98058918
  • OCLC 38214520
  • Published by Sabrina Quatrice Atkinson.[34]
  • "A people without a voice cannot be heard."[33]
  • A Wilmington edition was also published.[33]
Fayetteville The Educator 1874[35] 1875[35] Weekly[35]
  • LCCN 2019236894
  • OCLC 1108754279
  • Free online archive
  • Edited by William Caswell Smith.[18]
Fayetteville The Fayetteville Press 1990[36] current Monthly newspaper[36]
  • LCCN sn98058919
  • OCLC 38214563
  • Official site
  • Published by J.J. Jones.[36]
Forest City The Carolina News 1952[38] 1900s[37] Twice monthly[38]
  • LCCN sn98058906
  • OCLC 38214323
  • Founded and edited by M.B. Robinson.[37]
Goldsboro The Carolina Enterprise 1880s[39] 1883[39] Weekly[39]
  • LCCN sn98058832
  • OCLC 39369829
Greensboro African World 1971[40] 1975[40] Monthly newspaper[40]
  • LCCN sn92021226
  • OCLC 5151054
Greensboro The Carolina Peacemaker 1967[42] current Weekly[42]
  • LCCN sn93065763
  • OCLC 27183769, 9636324
  • Official site
  • Founded by John Marshall Kilimanjaro.[43]
Greensboro The Future Outlook 1941[45] 1972[44] Weekly[45]
  • LCCN sn97064597
  • OCLC 38214459
  • Free online archive
  • Published by J.F. Johnson.[43]
  • Known for its conservative political stance.[43]
Greenville The 'M' Voice[47] 1987[47] 1994[46] Weekly[46]
  • LCCN sn98058958
  • OCLC 34374790
  • Published by Jim Rouse Jr.[46]
Harris The Harris Herald 1946[49] 1949[48] Monthly newspapers[49]
  • LCCN sn98058907
  • OCLC 38214369
  • Founded and edited by M.B. Robinson.[48]
High Point The Tribunal Aid 1973[51] 1976[50] Weekly[51]
  • LCCN sn97064595
  • OCLC 38214189
Laurinburg The Laurinburg Post 1895[52] ?[52] Weekly[52]
  • LCCN sn91068174
  • OCLC 24532239
Lincolnton The Colored Industrial 1890s[53] 1900s[53] Semimonthly newspaper[53]
  • LCCN sn98058874
  • OCLC 40413138
  • Attested through at least 1901.[53]
Littleton The True Reformer 1899[54] 1909[54] Weekly[54]
  • LCCN 2013254353, sn83025849
  • OCLC 848077194, 9841956
  • Published by The Afro Union Club.[54]
Maxton The Maxton Blade 1890[56] 1900s[55] Weekly[56]
  • LCCN sn92074099
  • OCLC 26832908
  • Published by M.B. Company.[56]
New Bern The Peoples' Advocate[57] 1886[58] 1880s[57] Weekly[58]
  • LCCN sn84025895
  • OCLC 10587961, 14512227
Raleigh African Expositor 1800s[59] 1800s[59] Quarterly[59]
  • LCCN sn97064613
  • OCLC 38892755
  • Attested from at least 1886.[59]
Raleigh
  • Banner
  • The Banner-Enterprise (1883[60]–)
 1881[61] 1800s[60] Weekly[60]
  • LCCN 2018218527
  • OCLC 1021049893
  • ISSN 2576-6910
  • Free online archive
  • Founded by John H. Williamson.[61]
  • Official newspaper of the North Carolina Industrial Association.[60]
  • Absorbed the Goldsboro Enterprise in 1883.[61] [61]
Raleigh The Carolina Tribune 1928[62] 1941?[62] or 1940[63] Weekly[62]
  • LCCN sn92072999
  • OCLC 25587012
Raleigh The Carolinian 1941[64] or 1940[65] current Twice weekly[64]
  • LCCN sn80008926, sn8008926, 2019236980, sn99061519
  • OCLC 41401361, 1128868198, 14183143, 2259008
  • ISSN 0045-5873
  • Official site
Raleigh Dispatch: A Carolinian Newspaper 1991[66] Weekly[67] or twice weekly[66]
  • LCCN 2011254299
  • OCLC 747984007, 27977908
  • Attested through at least 1993.[66]
Raleigh Enterprise 1866[1] 1866[1] Weekly[1]
  • Founded by L. Branson.[1]
Raleigh The Gazette 1800s[68] ?[68] Weekly[68]
Raleigh
  • North Carolina Gazette[70]
  • The Gazette[68]
 1884[61] or 1885[70] 1800s[69] Weekly[70]
  • LCCN 2016271219, sn92073076
  • OCLC 25959539, 962326627
  • ISSN 2475-0638, 2475-0646
  • The Gazette:
    • LCCN 2011254384, sn83027097
    • OCLC 10033391, 764798124
    • ISSN 2474-3143, 2474-3151
  • Free online archive (North Carolina Gazette)
  • Free online archive (The Gazette)
  • Published by the North Carolina Industrial Association.[70]
  • Founded by John H. Williamson.[61] Editorship changed to James H. Harris in 1891 and James H. Young in 1894.[61]
Raleigh The Raleigh Independent 1916[71] 1900s[71] Weekly[71]
  • LCCN sn92072995
  • OCLC 25587202
Raleigh Journal of Freedom 1865[1] 1867[1] Weekly[1]
  • Edited by Edward P. Brooks.[1]
Raleigh The Journal of Industry 1879[72] ?[72] Weekly[72]
  • LCCN 2016271218, sn92072981
  • OCLC 25557526, 962306177
  • ISSN 2475-0654, 2475-0662
  • Free online archive
  • Official newspaper of the North Carolina Industrial Association until 1898.[1]
  • Edited by brothers Charles N. and Oliver Hunter.[1]
Raleigh North Carolina Republican 1879[73] 1880[73] Weekly[73]
  • LCCN 2016271182, sn85038643
  • OCLC 12862727, 959404612
  • ISSN 2474-4492, 2474-4506
  • Free online archive
  • Edited by James H. Harris.[74]
Raleigh The Union Reformer 1926?[75] ?[75] Twice monthly[75]
  • Published by the General Baptist State Convention of North Carolina.[75]
Raleigh
  • The Weekly Republican
  • Republican[1]
 1867[76] 1867[1] Weekly[76]
  • LCCN sn85026883
  • OCLC 12714100
  • Published by Daniel Battle[1] or by Frank S. Pearson, Jr.[76]
Rocky Mount Justice Speaks 1982[77] 1990s[77] Monthly newspaper (except August)[77]
  • LCCN sn90003614
  • OCLC 21573844
  • ISSN 1050-687X
Salisbury / Charlotte[74] Star of Zion 1876[74] current Weekly[74]
Statesville
  • Iredell County News
  • The County News[79]
 1982?[80] or 1980[78] 1997[78] Weekly[80]
  • LCCN sn89080097
  • OCLC 24123714
  • Published by Mason McCullough.[80]
Statesville The County News 1997 current[79] Weekly[79]
  • LCCN sn97064592
  • OCLC 38255440
  • Official site
Statesville
  • Iredell County Post[82]
  • The Iredell County Post[81]
 1980[82] 1980[81] Weekly[82]
  • LCCN sn97064596
  • OCLC 38214087
Weldon
  • The N.C. Republican, and Civil Rights Advocate[83]
  • North Carolina Republican[83]
 1884[83] ? Weekly[83]
  • LCCN sn83025842
  • OCLC 9839433
  • Published and edited by D. McD. Lindsey.[83]
  • Known for its extensive coverage of international news.[84]
Whiteville The Afro-chronicle 1972[85] ?[85] Weekly[85]
  • LCCN sn98062570
  • OCLC 40157836
  • Attested through at least 1975.[85]
Wilmington Africo-American Presbyterian 1879[86] 1938[86] or 1939[87] Weekly[86]
  • LCCN 2011254019, sn94093044
  • OCLC 32783035, 707512087
  • Published at Charlotte from December 1899 to July 1906.[87]
Wilmington The Banner-Enterprise 1883[88] 1800s[88] Weekly[88]
  • LCCN sn87070090, 2015236952
  • OCLC 16502293, 16117652
  • ISSN 2576-6902
  • Official newspaper of the North Carolina Industrial Association.[88]
  • Published in Wilmington starting March 17, 1884.[89]
  • Free online archive
Wilmington The Cape Fear Journal 1900s[90] 1900s[90] Weekly[90]
  • LCCN sn98058847
  • OCLC 40227483
Wilmington The Challenger 1988[91] ? Weekly[91]
  • LCCN sn99061536
  • OCLC 29302317
  • ISSN 1528-7327
  • Published by Peter Grear and Kathy Davis Grear; edited by Leonard Johnson.[91]
  • Also published a Fayetteville edition.[92]
Wilmington The Daily Record 1890s[93] ?[93] Daily (except Sunday)[93]
  • LCCN sn92073929, sn94087730
  • OCLC 25278042, 32423148
  • Large statewide circulation.[84]
Wilmington
1901[95] current Weekly[95]
  • LCCN sn78001825, sn7801825, sn97064584
  • OCLC 3962050, 34259815
  • ISSN 0049-7649
  • The Journal:
    • LCCN sn97064583
    • OCLC 29748312
  • Official site
  • Founded by Robert S. Jervay.[30]
Wilmington Wilmington Record 1890s[96] ?[96] Weekly[96]
  • LCCN sn92074045
  • OCLC 25911393
Winston-Salem Winston-Salem Chronicle 1974[97] current Weekly[97]
  • LCCN sn85042324
  • OCLC 12156348
  • Official site
Winston-Salem The People's Spokesman 1940s[98] ?[98] Weekly[98]
  • LCCN sn88063139
  • OCLC 17635238
Winston-Salem The AC Phoenix 1982[99] current Monthly newspaper[99]
  • LCCN 2018236525, 2019236850
  • OCLC 1062418403, 1082356235
  • Official site
Winton The Baptist Pilot 1887[84] Weekly[84]
  • Published by the North Carolina Ministerial Union. Edited by Calvin S. Brown.[84]

See also

Works cited

  • Danky, James Philip; Hady, Maureen E., eds. (1998). African-American newspapers and periodicals : a national bibliography. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674007888.
  • Suggs, Henry Lewis; Duncan, Bernardine Moses (1983). "North Carolina". In Suggs, Henry Lewis (ed.). The Black Press in the South, 1865–1979. ISBN 9780313222443.

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Suggs & Duncan 1983, p. 258.
  2. ^ Suggs & Duncan 1983, p. 278.
  3. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 51, ¶ 518.
  4. ^ "About Asheville advocate. (Asheville, N.C.) 1987-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
  5. ^ a b "About The church advocate. [volume] (Asheville, N.C.) 1943-194?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
  6. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 152, ¶ 1581.
  7. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 528, ¶ 5512.
  8. ^ a b "About The southern news. [volume] (Asheville, N.C.) 1936-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
  9. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 531, ¶ 5539.
  10. ^ "About The Southland advocate. [volume] (Asheville, N.C.) 19??-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
  11. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 608, ¶ 6361.
  12. ^ California State University, Fullerton. "Southeast - Historical African American Newspapers". LibGuides at California State University, Fullerton. Retrieved 2020-02-19. Black Ink, Black Student Movement Newspaper, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (1969-200?), Chapel Hill, NC
  13. ^ a b c "About Black ink : Black Student Movement, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. [online resource] ([Chapel Hill, N.C.]) 1969-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
  14. ^ a b "About The Protean radish. (Chapel Hill, N.C.) 1969-197?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
  15. ^ a b "About Radish. (Chapel Hill, N.C.) 1968-1969". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
  16. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 21, ¶ 206.
  17. ^ a b "About Africo-American Presbyterian. [volume] (Wilmington, N.C.) 1879-1938". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
  18. ^ a b c d Suggs & Duncan 1983, p. 264.
  19. ^ a b c "About The metrolinian. [volume] (Charlotte, N.C.) 1971-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
  20. ^ "About The Charlotte post. [volume] (Charlotte, N.C.) 1918-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
  21. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 144, ¶ 1501.
  22. ^ "About The Queen City gazette. [volume] (Charlotte, N.C.) 196?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
  23. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 480, ¶ 5003.
  24. ^ a b "About The weekly journal. [volume] ([Charlotte] N.C.) 1978-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
  25. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 607, ¶ 6341.
  26. ^ "About Twin-City weekly. [volume] (Concord-Kannapolis, N.C.) 1972-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
  27. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 574, ¶ 5991.
  28. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 137, ¶ 1424.
  29. ^ "About The Carolina times. [volume] (Durham, N.C.) 1919-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
  30. ^ a b c d Suggs & Duncan 1983, p. 267.
  31. ^ a b "About The Triangle tribune. (Durham, N.C.) 1998-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
  32. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 222, ¶ 2325.
  33. ^ a b c "About The challenger. [volume] (Fayetteville, N.C.) 198?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
  34. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 142, ¶ 1482.
  35. ^ a b c "About The educator [online resource] (Fayetteville, N.C.) 1874-1875". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
  36. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 222, ¶ 2326.
  37. ^ a b "About The Carolina news. [volume] (Forest City, N.C. ;) 1952-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
  38. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 137, ¶ 1421.
  39. ^ a b c "About The Carolina enterprise. (Goldsboro, N.C.) 188?-1883". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
  40. ^ a b c "About African world. [volume] (Greensboro, N.C.) 1971-1975". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
  41. ^ Suggs & Duncan 1983, p. 274.
  42. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 137, ¶ 1422.
  43. ^ a b c Suggs & Duncan 1983, p. 269.
  44. ^ "About The future outlook. [volume] (Greensboro, N.C.) 1941-1972". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
  45. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 244, ¶ 2559.
  46. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 348, ¶ 3648.
  47. ^ a b "About The 'M' voice. (Greenville, N.C.) 1987-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
  48. ^ a b "About The Harris herald. [volume] (Harris, N.C.) 1946-1949". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
  49. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 270, ¶ 2829.
  50. ^ "About The tribunal aid. [volume] (High Point, N.C.) 1973-1976". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
  51. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 566, ¶ 5918.
  52. ^ a b c "About The Laurinburg post. [volume] (Laurinburg, N.C.) 1895-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
  53. ^ a b c d "About The Colored industrial. (Lincolnton, N.C.) 189?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
  54. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 569, ¶ 5941.
  55. ^ "About The Maxton blade. (Maxton, N.C.) 189?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
  56. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 355, ¶ 3721.
  57. ^ a b "About The peoples' advocate. [volume] (New-Berne [New Bern], N.C.) 1886-188?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
  58. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 458, ¶ 4778.
  59. ^ a b c d "About African expositor. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 18??-18??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
  60. ^ a b c d "About The banner-enterprise. [online resource] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1883-18??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
  61. ^ a b c d e f g Suggs & Duncan 1983, p. 260.
  62. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 137, ¶ 1425.
  63. ^ "About The Carolina tribune. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 19??-1940". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
  64. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 138, ¶ 1426.
  65. ^ "About The Carolinian. (Raleigh, N.C.) 1955-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
  66. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 196, ¶ 2043.
  67. ^ "About Dispatch. [online resource] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1991-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
  68. ^ a b c d "About The gazette. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 18??-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
  69. ^ "About North Carolina gazette. [online resource] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1885-18??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
  70. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 429, ¶ 4463.
  71. ^ a b c "About The Raleigh independent. (Raleigh, N.C.) 1916-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
  72. ^ a b c "About The journal of industry. [online resource] (Raleigh, N. C.) 1879-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
  73. ^ a b c "About North Carolina Republican. [online resource] (Raleigh, N. C.) 1879-1880". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
  74. ^ a b c d e f Suggs & Duncan 1983, p. 263.
  75. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 577, ¶ 6027.
  76. ^ a b c "About The weekly Republican. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1867-18??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
  77. ^ a b c "About Justice speaks. [volume] (Rocky Mount, NC) 1982-199?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
  78. ^ a b "About Iredell County news. (Statesville, N.C.) 1980-1997". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
  79. ^ a b c "About The county news. (Statesville, N.C.) 1997-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
  80. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 306, ¶ 3221.
  81. ^ a b "About The Iredell County post. [volume] (Statesville, N.C.) 1980-1980". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
  82. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 306, ¶ 3222.
  83. ^ a b c d e Danky & Hady 1998, p. 396, ¶ 4127.
  84. ^ a b c d e Suggs & Duncan 1983, p. 266.
  85. ^ a b c d "About The Afro-chronicle. (Whiteville, N.C.) 1972-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
  86. ^ a b c "About Africo-American Presbyterian. [online resource] (Wilmington, N.C.) 1879-1938". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
  87. ^ a b "About Africo-American Presbyterian. [microfilm reel] (Wilmington, N.C.) 1879-1939". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
  88. ^ a b c d "About The banner-enterprise. [volume] (Wilmington, N.C.) 1883-18??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
  89. ^ "About The Banner-enterprise. [microfilm reel] (Wilmington, N.C.) 1883-18??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
  90. ^ a b c "About The Cape Fear journal. (Wilmington, N.C.) 19??-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
  91. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 143, ¶ 1483.
  92. ^ "About The challenger. [volume] (Wilmington, NC) 1988-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
  93. ^ a b c "About The daily record. [volume] (Wilmington, N.C.) 189?-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
  94. ^ "About The journal. [volume] (Wilmington, N.C.) 1994-1996". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
  95. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 616, ¶ 6442.
  96. ^ a b c "About Wilmington record. [volume] (Wilmington, N.C.) 189?-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
  97. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 617, ¶ 6447.
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