Imidogen

Imidogen

Names
IUPAC name λ1-Azanylidene[1]
Other names Aminylene Azanylene Azanylidene Imidogen Nitrene λ1-azane hydridonitrogen
Identifiers
CAS Number	13774-92-0
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
ChEBI	CHEBI:29339
ChemSpider	4574105 Y
Gmelin Reference	66
PubChem CID	5460607
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID80420101
InChI InChI=1S/HN/h1H Y Key: PDCKRJPYJMCOFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y
SMILES [NH]
Properties
Chemical formula	HN
Molar mass	15.015 g·mol−1
Conjugate acid	Nitrenium ion
Structure
Molecular shape	linear
Thermochemistry
Heat capacity (C)	21.19 J K−1 mol−1
Std molar entropy (S⦵298)	181.22 kJ K−1 mol−1
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298)	358.43 kJ mol−1
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). Infobox references

Imidogen is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula NH.^[2] Like other simple radicals, it is highly reactive and consequently short-lived except as a dilute gas. Its behavior depends on its spin multiplicity.

Production and properties

Imidogen can be generated by electrical discharge in an atmosphere of ammonia.^[3]

Imidogen has a large rotational splitting and a weak spin–spin interaction, therefore it will be less likely to undergo collision-induced Zeeman transitions.^[3] Ground-state imidogen can be magnetically trapped using buffer-gas loading from a molecular beam.^[3]

The ground state of imidogen is a triplet, with a singlet excited state only slightly higher in energy.^[4]

The first excited state (a¹Δ) has a long lifetime as its relaxation to ground state (X³Σ⁻) is spin-forbidden.^[5] Imidogen undergoes collision-induced intersystem crossing.^[4]

Reactivity

Ignoring hydrogen atoms, imidogen is isoelectronic with carbene (CH₂) and oxygen (O) atoms, and it exhibits comparable reactivity.^[5] The first excited state can be detected by laser-induced fluorescence (LIF).^[5] LIF methods allow for detection of depletion, production, and chemical products of NH. It reacts with nitric oxide (NO):

NH + NO → N₂ + OH

NH + NO → N₂O + H

The former reaction is more favorable with a ΔH⁰ of −408±2 kJ/mol compared to a ΔH⁰ of −147±2 kJ/mol for the latter reaction.^[6]

Nomenclature

The trivial name nitrene is the preferred IUPAC name. The systematic names, λ¹-azane and hydridonitrogen, valid IUPAC names, are constructed according to the substitutive and additive nomenclatures, respectively.

In appropriate contexts, imidogen can be viewed as ammonia with two hydrogen atoms removed, and as such, azylidene may be used as a context-specific systematic name, according to substitutive nomenclature. By default, this name pays no regard to the radicality of the imidogen molecule. Although, in even more specific context, it can also name the non-radical state, whereas the diradical state is named azanediyl.

Astrochemistry

Interstellar NH was identified in the diffuse clouds toward ζ Persei and HD 27778 from high-resolution high-signal-to-noise spectra of the NH A³Π→X³Σ (0,0) absorption band near 3358 Å.^[7] A temperature of about 30 K (−243 °C) favored an efficient production of CN from NH within the diffuse cloud.^[8][9][7]

Reactions relevant to astrochemistry

Chemical reactions^[10][11]

Reaction	Rate constant	Rate/[H2]2
N + H− → NH + e−	1×10−9	3.5×10−18
NH2 + O → NH + OH	2.546×10−13	1.4×10−13
NH+ 2 + e− → NH + H	3.976×10−7	2.19×10−21
NH+ 3 + e− → NH + H + H	8.49×10−7	2.89×10−19
NH + N → N2 + H	4.98×10−11	4.36×10−16
NH + O → OH + N	1.16×10−11	1.54×10−14
NH + C+ → CN+ + H	7.8×10−10	4.9×10−19
NH + H+ 3 → NH+ 2 + H2	1.3×10−9	3.18×10−19
NH + H+ → NH+ + H	2.1×10−9	4.05×10−20

Within diffuse clouds H⁻ + N → NH + e⁻ is a major formation mechanism. Near chemical equilibrium important NH formation mechanisms are recombinations of NH⁺
₂ and NH⁺
₃ ions with electrons. Depending on the radiation field in the diffuse cloud, NH₂ can also contribute.

NH is destroyed in diffuse clouds by photodissociation and photoionization. In dense clouds NH is destroyed by reactions with atomic oxygen and nitrogen. O⁺ and N⁺ form OH and NH in diffuse clouds. NH is involved in creating N₂, OH, H, CN⁺, CH, N, NH⁺
₂, NH⁺ for the interstellar medium.

NH has been reported in the diffuse interstellar medium but not in dense molecular clouds.^[12] The purpose of detecting NH is often to get a better estimate of the rotational constants and vibrational levels of NH.^[13] It is also needed in order to confirm theoretical data which predicts N and NH abundances in stars which produce N and NH and other stars with leftover trace amounts of N and NH.^[14] Using current values for rotational constants and vibrations of NH as well as those of OH and CH permit studying the carbon, nitrogen and oxygen abundances without resorting to a full spectrum synthesis with a 3D model atmosphere.^[15]

See also

• Diimide (dimer)
• List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules

References

External links

• Buchowiecki, Marcin (28 January 2021). "Uncertainty of High Temperature Heat Capacities: The Case Study of the NH Radical". The Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 125 (3): 795–800. Bibcode:2021JPCA..125..795B. doi:10.1021/acs.jpca.0c09512. PMID 33448217.

• v
• t
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Molecules detected in outer space

Molecules

Diatomic	Aluminium monochloride Aluminium monofluoride Aluminium(II) oxide Argonium Carbon cation Carbon monophosphide Carbon monosulfide Carbon monoxide Cyano radical Diatomic carbon Fluoromethylidynium Helium hydride ion Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen fluoride Hydrogen (molecular) Hydroxyl radical Iron(II) oxide Magnesium monohydride Methylidyne radical Nitric oxide Nitrogen (molecular) Imidogen Sulfur mononitride Oxygen (molecular) Phosphorus monoxide Phosphorus mononitride Potassium chloride Silicon carbide Silicon monoxide Silicon monosulfide Sodium chloride Sodium iodide Sulfur monohydride Sulfur monoxide Titanium(II) oxide
Triatomic	Aluminium(I) hydroxide Aluminium isocyanide Amino radical Carbon dioxide Carbonyl sulfide CCP radical Chloronium Diazenylium Dicarbon monoxide Disilicon carbide Ethynyl radical Formyl radical Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) Hydrogen isocyanide (HNC) Hydrogen sulfide Hydroperoxyl Iron cyanide Isoformyl Magnesium cyanide Magnesium isocyanide Methylene radical N2H+ Nitrous oxide Nitroxyl Ozone Phosphaethyne Potassium cyanide Protonated molecular hydrogen Sodium cyanide Sodium hydroxide Silicon carbonitride c-Silicon dicarbide SiNC Sulfur dioxide Thioformyl Thioxoethenylidene Titanium dioxide Tricarbon Water
Four atoms	Acetylene Ammonia Cyanic acid Cyanoethynyl Formaldehyde Fulminic acid HCCN Hydrogen peroxide Hydromagnesium isocyanide Isocyanic acid Isothiocyanic acid Ketenyl Methylene amidogen Methyl cation Methyl radical Propynylidyne Protonated carbon dioxide Protonated hydrogen cyanide Silicon tricarbide Thioformaldehyde Tricarbon monoxide Tricarbon monosulfide Thiocyanic acid
Five atoms	Ammonium ion Butadiynyl Carbodiimide Cyanamide Cyanoacetylene Cyanoformaldehyde Cyanomethyl Cyclopropenylidene Formic acid Isocyanoacetylene Ketene Methane Methoxy radical Methylenimine Propadienylidene Protonated formaldehyde Silane Silicon-carbide cluster
Six atoms	Acetonitrile Cyanobutadiynyl radical E-Cyanomethanimine Cyclopropenone Diacetylene Ethylene Formamide HC4N Ketenimine Methanethiol Methanol Methyl isocyanide Pentynylidyne Propynal Protonated cyanoacetylene
Seven atoms	Acetaldehyde Acrylonitrile Vinyl cyanide Cyanodiacetylene Ethylene oxide Glycolonitrile Hexatriynyl radical Methylacetylene Methylamine Methyl isocyanate Vinyl alcohol
Eight atoms	Acetic acid Aminoacetonitrile Cyanoallene Ethanimine Glycolaldehyde Hexapentaenylidene Methylcyanoacetylene Methyl formate Propenal
Nine atoms	Acetamide Cyanohexatriyne Cyanotriacetylene Dimethyl ether Ethanol Methyldiacetylene Octatetraynyl radical Propene Propionitrile
Ten atoms or more	Acetone Benzene Benzonitrile Buckminsterfullerene (C60, C60+, fullerene, buckyball) C70 fullerene Cyanodecapentayne Cyanopentaacetylene Cyanotetra-acetylene Ethylene glycol Ethyl formate Methyl acetate Methyl-cyano-diacetylene Methyltriacetylene Propanal n-Propyl cyanide Pyrimidine Heptatrienyl radical

Deuterated
molecules

• Ammonia
• Ammonium ion
• Formaldehyde
• Formyl radical
• Heavy water
• Hydrogen cyanide
• Hydrogen deuteride
• Hydrogen isocyanide
• Methylacetylene
• N₂D⁺
• Trihydrogen cation

Unconfirmed

• Anthracene
• Dihydroxyacetone
• Ethyl methyl ether
• Glycine
• Graphene
• Hemolithin (possibly 1st extraterrestrial protein found)
• H₂NCO⁺
• Linear C₅
• Naphthalene cation
• Phosphine
• Pyrene
• Silylidine

Related

• Abiogenesis
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• Atomic and molecular astrophysics
• Chemical formula
• Circumstellar dust
• Circumstellar envelope
• Cosmic dust
• Cosmic ray
• Cosmochemistry
• Diffuse interstellar band
• Earliest known life forms
• Extraterrestrial life
• Extraterrestrial liquid water
• Forbidden mechanism
• Homochirality
• Intergalactic dust
• Interplanetary medium
• Interstellar medium
• Photodissociation region
• Iron–sulfur world theory
• Kerogen
• Molecules in stars
• Nexus for Exoplanet System Science
• Organic compound
• Outer space
• PAH world hypothesis
• Pseudo-panspermia
• Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)
• RNA world hypothesis
• Spectroscopy
• Tholin

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