Galela language
Papuan language
| Galela | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Indonesia |
| Region | North Halmahera |
Native speakers | (79,000 cited 1990)[1] |
Language family | West Papuan?
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | gbi |
| Glottolog | gale1259 |
Galela is the second most populous Papuan language spoken west of New Guinea, with some 80,000 speakers. Its dialects are Kadai (41,000), Morotai (24,000), Kadina (10,000), and Sopi (4,000). Its closest relative is the Loloda language.
Galela is spoken on the eastern side of the northern tip of Halmahera island (in Galela district and in neighbouring villages in Tobelo and Loloda districts), on Morotai Island to the north, on the Bacan and Obi islands to the south of Halmahera, and in scattered settlements along the southwest coast. All are in North Maluku province of Indonesia.
Phonology
The following sound inventory is based on Shelden (1998).[2]
Vowels
Galela has a simple five vowel system: /a/, /i/, /u/, /e/, /o/.
Consonants
Galela orthography largely follows Indonesian spelling conventions. If orthography differs from IPA, the orthography is in ⟨brackets⟩.
| Labial | Alveolar | Palato-alveolar/ Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Laminal | Apical | ||||||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ ⟨ny⟩ | ŋ ⟨ng⟩ | |||
| Plosive/ Affricate | voiceless | p | t | t͡ʃ ⟨c⟩ | k | ||
| voiced | b | d̻ ⟨ḋ⟩ | d̺ ⟨d⟩ | d͡ʒ ⟨j⟩ | g | ||
| Fricative | ɸ ⟨f⟩ | s | h | ||||
| Flap | ɾ | ||||||
| Lateral | l | ||||||
| Semivowel | w | j ⟨y⟩ | |||||
Grammar
Pronouns
Galela has two free pronoun sets, and two sets of bound pronominal prefixes.[2][3][4] The use of the pronominal prefixes is governed by semantic alignment: actor prefixes are used to index the S-argument of active intransitive verbs and the A-argument of transitive verbs, while undergoer prefixes index the S-argument of stative intransitive verbs and the P-argument of transitive verbs.
| independent | possessive | actor | undergoer | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person | singular | ngohi | ai | to- | i- | |
| plural | exclusive | ngomi | mia | mi- | mi- | |
| inclusive | ngone | nanga | po- | na- | ||
| 2nd person | singular | ngona | ani | no- | ni- | |
| plural | ngini | nia | ni- | ni- | ||
| 3rd person | singular | masc | una | awi | wo- | wi- |
| fem | muna | ami | mo- | mi- | ||
| plural | human | ona | manga | yo- | ya- | |
| non-human | i | ma | i- | ḋa- | ||
External links
- Materials on Galela are included in the open access Arthur Capell collection (AC2) held by Paradisec.
References
- ^ Galela at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- ^ a b Shelden, Howard (1998). "Transitivity and Galela pronominal reference". SIL Electronic Working Papers. 1998–005.
- ^ van Baarda, M. J. (1904). "Het Lòda'sch, in vergelijking met het Galela'sch dialect op Halmaheira" [Lòda'sch, compared to the Galela'sch dialect on Halmaheira]. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië (in Dutch). 56 (3/4): 317–496. doi:10.1163/22134379-90002009.
- ^ Holton, Gary (2008). "The rise and fall of semantic alignment in North Halmahera, Indonesia". In Donohue, Mark; Wichmann, Søren (eds.). The Typology of Semantic Alignment. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 252–276.
- v
- t
- e
| |||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other languages | |||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||||||||||||||||||
This Papuan languages-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
- v
- t
- e
